Carbon Chemist

Author: chemistadmin

  • Continuous collective analysis of chemical reactions

    Continuous collective analysis of chemical reactions

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  • A gut fungus protects mice against parasitic worms but increases allergies

    A gut fungus protects mice against parasitic worms but increases allergies

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    Nature, Published online: 11 December 2024; doi:10.1038/d41586-024-03651-4

    It has been hard to find fungi that normally reside in the mouse gut. The identification of one such fungus deepens our understanding of how resident fungi drive immune responses in their natural hosts.

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  • X-ray method takes a 3D fingerprint of materials

    X-ray method takes a 3D fingerprint of materials

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  • The mechanism of mRNA cap recognition

    The mechanism of mRNA cap recognition

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  • Targeted mRNA therapy tackles deadly pregnancy condition in mice

    Targeted mRNA therapy tackles deadly pregnancy condition in mice

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    Download the Nature Podcast 11 December 2024

    In this episode:

    00:45 A potential treatment for pre-eclampsia

    Researchers have shown in mice experiments that an mRNA-based therapy can reverse the underlying causes of pre-eclampsia, a deadly complication of pregnancy for which treatment options are limited. Inspired by the success of mRNA vaccines, the team behind the work designed a method to deliver the genomic instructions for a blood-vessel growth factor directly into mouse placentas. This stimulated the production of extra blood vessels reducing the very high-blood pressure associated with the condition. Pre-eclampsia causes 15% of maternal deaths and 25% of foetal and newborn deaths worldwide and although the work is early and human trials will be required, the team hope that this work demonstrates the potential of using this approach to treat pre-eclampsia.

    Research Article: Swingle et al.

    News and Views: Lipid-delivery system could treat life-threatening pregnancy complication

    11:00 Research Highlights

    Stacks of mass-produced bowls suggest that people founded but then abandoned an ancient Mesopotamian civilization, and analysis of Venus’s gases suggests that the planet was always dry.

    Research Highlight: Ancient stacks of dishes tell tale of society’s dissolution

    Research Highlight: Has Venus ever had an ocean? Its volcanoes hint at an answer

    13:29 Programmable cellular switches

    A team of scientists have created cellular switches on the surface of cells, allowing them to control custom behaviours. Creating these switches has been a long-term goal for synthetic biologists — one target has been a group of proteins called G-protein-coupled receptors that already control many cellular processes. However, engineering these proteins has been challenging, as modifications can ruin their function. Instead, the team added another molecular component that blocked the receptors activity, but could be removed in response to specific signals. This allowed the researchers to activate these receptors on command, potentially opening up a myriad of new ways to control cell behaviour, such as controlling when neurons fire.

    Research Article: Kalogriopoulos et al.

    19:35 Google reaches a milestone in quantum computing

    A team at Google has shown it is possible to create a quantum computer that becomes more accurate as it scales up, a goal researchers have been trying to achieve for decades. Quantum computing could potentially open up applications beyond the capabilities of classical computers, but these systems are error-prone, making it difficult to scale them up without introducing errors into calculations. The team showed that by increasing the quality of all the components in a quantum computer they could create a system with fewer errors, and that this trend of improvement continued as the system became larger. This breakthrough could mean that quantum computers are getting very close to realising the useful applications that their proponents have long promised.

    Nature: ‘A truly remarkable breakthrough’: Google’s new quantum chip achieves accuracy milestone

    Subscribe to Nature Briefing, an unmissable daily round-up of science news, opinion and analysis free in your inbox every weekday.

    Never miss an episode. Subscribe to the Nature Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube Music or your favourite podcast app. An RSS feed for the Nature Podcast is available too.

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  • Haematological setpoints are a stable and patient-specific deep phenotype

    Haematological setpoints are a stable and patient-specific deep phenotype

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  • Lipid-delivery system could treat life-threatening pregnancy complication

    Lipid-delivery system could treat life-threatening pregnancy complication

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    Nature, Published online: 11 December 2024; doi:10.1038/d41586-024-03853-w

    Pre-eclampsia is a common and dangerous pregnancy-related illness. Using tiny lipid particles to deliver messenger RNA directly to the placenta to boost blood-vessel function might prove to be an effective treatment.

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  • Accessibility worsens for blind and low-vision readers of academic PDFs

    Accessibility worsens for blind and low-vision readers of academic PDFs

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    Man sitting on a sofa using Braille keyboard and smart phone

    A study finds that many published papers are not accessible to low-vision and blind readers.Credit: Getty

    Around three out of every four PDF versions of scholarly papers are largely inaccessible to low-vision and blind readers, a study has found1.

    Researchers looked at how often around 20,000 studies published between 2014 and 2023 were compliant with 6 accessibility criteria. That includes providing alternative text for figures and headers for tables, as well as adding the tags necessary to make PDF files accessible to low-vision and blind readers, who typically access these files using assistive reading devices.

    Only around 3% of the analysed studies met all six criteria, the analysis found, and just under 75% met none of the criteria at all.

    “After 2019, there was a very sharp decline across almost all of the criteria that we measured,” says study co-author Anukriti Kumar, an information scientist at the University of Washington in Seattle. The authors attribute that trend to the move towards rapid-publishing methods such as preprints and online-first publishing, and say that it was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which demanded quick communication of research findings.

    The analysis was presented in October at the 26th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility in St. John’s, Canada.

    Lucy Lu Wang, also an information scientist at the University of Washington and a co-author of the study, published2 a similar analysis of accessibility of more than 11,000 PDFs in 2021. “Things were mostly improving,” she recalls. But with new global open-access policies and changes with how publishers are producing PDFs, accessibility overall has decreased since then,” she says.

    “Accessibility often falls to the wayside, because it disproportionately affects a smaller group of people,” Wang says, “or the kind of people who don’t have as much clout.”

    Systemic changes required

    For the 2021 analysis, the authors interviewed several low-vision and blind scientists, some of whom said that they chose their fields of study in part because of how easily accessible the associated literature was. “People were drawn to fields that had more accessible papers,” Wang says. “The barriers to working in those fields were lower.”

    Sheri Wells-Jensen, a linguistics researcher at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, who is fully blind, tells Nature that the hassle of finding accessible papers is such that she sometimes doesn’t even try. “I never expect to be able to go to an open-access journal and just get the PDF and read it with the same level of ease and convenience as other scientists do,” she says. “We’ve got different software that could do some scanning, but you have to be a little bit of a wizard sometimes.”

    Wells-Jensen notes that academic journals rarely provide information about accessibility for scientists with visual impairment in the ‘information for authors’ sections of their websites, making it unclear how researchers should prepare their manuscripts for optimal accessibility. Manuscript-submission systems themselves are also often inaccessible, she adds.

    Addressing such accessibility shortfalls will require “systemic changes” from authors, publishers and others, Kumar says.

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  • Structure and assembly of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex

    Structure and assembly of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex

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  • The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

    John Yates

  • China Science and Technology Exchange Center, Beijing, China

    Tao Yun

  • CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Qiwei Zhai

  • Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Bing Zhang

  • Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Bing Zhang

  • Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Hui Zhang

  • State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatography R. & A. Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China

    Lihua Zhang, Yukui Zhang, Hongqiang Qin & Mingliang Ye

  • School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China

    Pingwen Zhang

  • Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Pingwen Zhang

  • Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Mingxia Gao, Haojie Lu, Liming Wei, Ying Zhang & Feng Zhou

  • Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China

    Jun He & Xiaofei Zhang

  • College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China

    Qing-Yu He & Tong Wang

  • Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Jinlin Hou

  • State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Canhua Huang

  • Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China

    Yan Li, Lin Shen & Qimin Zhan

  • BGI Group, Shenzhen, China

    Siqi Liu, Yan Ren & Huanming Yang

  • Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China

    Xiaonan Liu, Ya Liu, Yongzhan Nie & Jianjun Yang

  • Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Mariko Okada

  • Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, China

    Guojun Qian & Feng Shen

  • School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Yu Rao

  • School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Zihe Rao

  • Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China

    Xianwen Ren, Xiaoliang Sunney Xie & Zemin Zhang

  • Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Yan Ren

  • State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

    Minjia Tan

  • School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China

    Ben Zhong Tang

  • Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Sheng-Ce Tao

  • Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing, China

    Xiaoliang Sunney Xie & Zemin Zhang

  • Department of Liver Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China

    Li Xu

  • Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yaxiang Yuan

  • Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Qingcun Zeng

  • Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing, China

    Qimin Zhan

  • Department of Urology, The Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

    Xu Zhang

  • State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

    Nan-Shan Zhong

    • F.H. conceived the concept of π-HuB and designed its scientific goals, and contributed ideas for phronesis medicine with L.X., F.H., R.A., M.S.B., X.W.B., X.C.B., D.W.C., C.C., L.C., X.C., H.C., F.C., W.E., J.F., P.F., D.F., G.F.G., W.G., Z.-H.G., K.G., W.W.B.G., D.G., C.G., T.G., A.J.R.H., H.H., T.H., N.G.I., Y.J., C.R.J., L.J., N.L.K., M.L., Y.L., Q.L., C.H.L., F.L., G.-H.L., Y.S.L., Z.L., T.Y.L., B.L., M.M., A.M., R.L.M., E.N., G.N., G.S.O., G.P., Y.P., C.P., T.C.W.P., A.P., J.Q., R.R., P.J.R., P.R., C.S., J.S., E.S., S.S., A.S., S.K.S., C.T., L.T., R.T., J.V.E., J.A.V., C.W., X.W.W., X.X.W., Y.W., T.W., M.W., R.W., B.W., L.W., L.X., W.X., Tao Xu, L.Y., J.Y., X.Y., J.R.Y., Q.W.Z., L.H.Z., L.Q.Z., Y.K.Z., Q.Z. and Y.P.Z. contributed ideas and suggestions for the conception and design of this project. T.G., L.T. and Y.W. contributed coordination of the π-HuB Consortium. J.Y. wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and created the figures with F.H., T.G., Y.L. and L.X. F.H., R.A., M.S.B., F.C., P.F., D.F., Z.-H.G., K.G., W.W.B.G., T.G., H.H., T.H., N.G.I., C.R.J., L.J., M.L., Q.L., F.L., Y.S.L., T.Y.L., R.L.M., G.S.O., T.C.W.P., A.P., R.R., P.J.R., C.S., S.K.S., J.A.V., T.W., R.W., B.W., L.W., J.Y., J.R.Y. and Q.Z. provided important edits to the manuscript. All authors contributed to review and editing of the manuscript. The π-HuB Consortium contributed to the discussion of strategic π-HuB research plans.

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