Author: chemistadmin

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  • General Motors Cuts Funding to Cruise, Nixing Its Robotaxi Plan

    General Motors Cuts Funding to Cruise, Nixing Its Robotaxi Plan

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    Since General Motors acquired the San Francisco self-driving-tech developer Cruise in 2016, the Detroit automaker has poured more than $8 billion into creating a robotaxi service. Now GM is turning off the spigot.

    On a call with investors today, General Motors CEO Mary Barra said the company would no longer invest in Cruise and its robotaxi services. Instead, GM says it will combine Cruise’s efforts on autonomy with its own teams focused on driver-assistance features. Eventually, the combined team will build “personal” autonomous vehicles, the chief executive said.

    “Given the considerable time and expense required to scale a robotaxi business in an increasingly competitive market, combining forces would be more efficient and therefore consistent with our capital allocation priorities,” Barra said on the call.

    In a statement emailed to WIRED, Cruise CEO Marc Whitten said the company and its board are “collaborating closely with GM on next steps.”

    Cruise had an uncertain few months. Last fall, the company was operating robotaxi services in San Francisco, Phoenix, and Austin, Texas, and preparing to launch in more cities. Then, in October 2023, a Cruise vehicle hit a San Francisco pedestrian who had been thrown by a human-driven vehicle in a hit-and-run. Weeks later, it emerged that Cruise employees hadn’t divulged to regulators that the company’s vehicle had dragged the pedestrian more than 20 feet, seriously injuring them. California officials pulled the company’s permit to operate its autonomous cars in the state, and Cruise halted operations throughout the country.

    Cruise never quite recovered from the incident, which critics said pointed to a flawed approach to safety. The robotaxi company has paid millions in fines related to the incident to federal and state authorities. Nine top executives and company founder and CEO Kyle Vogt left, and eventually GM laid off nearly a quarter of Cruise’s employees. Cruise began limited testing in a handful of cities this summer but never again returned to offering Uber-like service.

    Barra told analysts Tuesday that GM found that deploying and maintaining a robotaxi fleet is both too expensive and too far away from the manufacturer’s core business of building and selling cars.

    “In case it was unclear before, it is clear now: GM are a bunch of dummies,” Vogt posted on X Tuesday afternoon.

    What Comes Next

    Cruise technology will now be used to refine the company’s Super Cruise tech, which is designed to perform some “hands-free” driving tasks—lane keeping, lane changing, and emergency braking—on specific highways. Drivers are warned to always stay alert while using Super Cruise, which cannot drive “autonomously.”

    Eventually, GM intends to sell “level 4” vehicles to car buyers, which can drive completely autonomously on some but not all roads. “We know people everywhere love to drive their own vehicles, but not in every situation,” Barra told analysts.

    General Motors owns 90 percent of Cruise and says it has reached an agreement with other shareholders to own more than 97 percent of the firm. GM will “restructure and refocus” Cruise as part of the effort, but Barra could not say whether the new arrangement would lead to layoffs.

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  • Recyclable CuZn electrodes could reshape CO₂ reduction technologies

    Recyclable CuZn electrodes could reshape CO₂ reduction technologies

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    Chungnam National University researchers uncover breakthrough in copper-zinc electrodes for electrochemical CO₂ reduction
    Electrochemical performance of CuZn electrodes during multiple recycling cycles in CO₂ reduction. The study highlights the impact of surface oxidation states on catalytic efficiency and product selectivity. Credit: Chungnam National University

    A researcher’s team at Chungnam National University has unlocked new potential for copper-zinc (CuZn) electrodes in electrochemical CO₂ reduction (EC CO₂R). This research, led by Professor Youngku Sohn, explores the performance and recyclability of CuZn electrodes, comparing them with single-metal alternatives like copper and zinc, and highlighting their superior catalytic properties.

    This research is published in the journal Applied Surface Science.

    “Electrochemical methods present a promising solution for repurposing CO₂, but electrode stability has always been challenging,” says Prof. Sohn. “Our study shows that CuZn electrodes can stabilize over time through recycling, preserving their catalytic effectiveness and selectivity for valuable hydrocarbons.”

    A key highlight of the study was the use of laser techniques to control the oxidation states of the electrodes, allowing researchers to fine-tune their catalytic properties. By analyzing the performance of these electrodes through multiple recycling cycles, the team found that CuZn alloys outperformed single-metal electrodes, providing insights into the importance of surface oxidation states for catalytic efficiency and product selectivity.

    The team utilized advanced techniques such as depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to track the changes in oxidation states and compositions of the electrodes. This method revealed that the CuZn electrodes not only stabilize over time but also exhibited a superior ability to maintain selectivity for complex hydrocarbons compared to the single-metal electrodes.

    “We also explored the influence of oxidation states on product selectivity,” adds Ms. Seon Young Hwang, a co-author and master’s student in the Department of Chemistry at Chungnam National University. “By controlling the oxidation states, we were able to significantly enhance the electrodes’ performance in reducing CO₂ to valuable products.”

    This study is particularly relevant for real-world applications, as it enhances the understanding of electrode recyclability and the design of more selective catalysts. The findings could help create high-efficiency CO₂ reduction systems for the conversion of CO₂ into sustainable fuels or valuable chemicals, potentially transforming industries such as energy, manufacturing, and environmental conservation.

    “The long-term implications of this work are profound,” says Prof. Sohn. “This research could play a crucial role in developing carbon-neutral industrial processes, contributing to a circular carbon economy by efficiently recycling CO₂ into useful products.”

    While the study marks a significant milestone, further research is needed to optimize the scalability of these electrodes for industrial applications. The team’s next step is to examine these electrodes under real-world conditions to understand their capabilities better.

    More information:
    Seon Young Hwang et al, Dynamic recycling behavior of Cu/Zn-based electrodes in electrochemical CO2 reduction, Applied Surface Science (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.160628

    Provided by
    Chungnam National University Evaluation Team

    Citation:
    Recyclable CuZn electrodes could reshape CO₂ reduction technologies (2024, December 10)
    retrieved 10 December 2024
    from https://phys.org/news/2024-12-recyclable-cuzn-electrodes-reshape-reduction.html

    This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
    part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.



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  • Arctic tundra is now a source – not a sink – of carbon emissions

    Arctic tundra is now a source – not a sink – of carbon emissions

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    Scenic landscape with tundra, lonely mountain and moon. In June in the Arctic in the tundra, not all snow has melted yet. Beautiful nature of the far North. Anadyr tundra, Chukotka, Siberia, Russia.; Shutterstock ID 1602740413; purchase_order: -; job: -; client: -; other: -

    Arctic tundra in Siberia

    Shutterstock / Andrei Stepanov

    The Arctic tundra now emits more carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases than it absorbs. Rising temperatures due to climate change have shifted the ecosystem’s effect on the planet – it has moved from helping to cool Earth to having a warming effect.

    “It’s a really serious change,” says Twila Moon at the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Colorado. “Human-caused warming is now causing warming from nature. It is irreversible on a thousands-of-years timescale.”…

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  • Meet the Conspiracy Filmmaker Who Claims to Have Red-Pilled Tulsi Gabbard

    Meet the Conspiracy Filmmaker Who Claims to Have Red-Pilled Tulsi Gabbard

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    Trump may seek to change that, however, based on suggestions contained in Project 2025, the Heritage Foundation’s blueprint for a second Trump presidency. In the chapter on the intelligence community, the document suggests that the ODNI should be the only agency drafting the daily intelligence briefing for Trump and should have full oversight of the entire intelligence community’s budget.

    Since Gabbard was announced as the ODNI nominee, many Democratic lawmakers have criticized the decision, pointing out Gabbard’s lack of experience in the intelligence community and her questionable views on Russia and Syria.

    Congresswoman Abigail Spanberger, a member of the House Intelligence Committee from Virginia, wrote on X she was “appalled at the nomination of Tulsi Gabbard,” adding: “Not only is she ill-prepared and unqualified, but she traffics in conspiracy theories and cozies up to dictators like Bashar-al Assad and Vladimir Putin.”

    Gabbard has a long history of embracing controversial viewpoints on foreign policy as well as being connected to conspiracy theories.

    Gabbard has been linked for years with an extremist offshoot of Hare Krishna, called the Science of Identity Foundation. The group, which some former members have described as a cult, is led by Chris Butler, who is worshipped by some of his followers as a deity and whom Gabbard has described as her “guru.”

    She gained a level of national notoriety in 2017 when she met in person with Syrian president Bashar al-Assad during what her office called a “fact-finding” mission to the Middle East. She later raised doubts about the US intelligence agencies’ assessment that the Assad regime had used chemical weapons against civilians, and called US airstrikes against Syrian targets in response to the chemical attacks “reckless and short-sighted.”

    Upon leaving the Democratic Party in 2022, she criticized it using phrasing reminiscent of the coded language used by followers of QAnon, labeling her former party an “elitist cabal of warmongers” driven by “cowardly wokeness.”

    In 2022, when Russia invaded Ukraine, Gabbard made comments that some interpreted as justifying Putin’s decision, claiming that if the US “had simply acknowledged Russia’s legitimate security concerns” in relation to Ukraine seeking to join NATO, the war could have been avoided.

    She also made comments that were used to fuel the Russian-backed conspiracy theory that US-funded biolabs in Ukraine would be used to launch biological weapons. When Trump announced that Gabbard was his pick for DNI, Russian state TV presenters celebrated the news.

    In 2022 Gabbard also campaigned for Kari Lake in her failed gubernatorial race in Arizona. Lake was at that point one of the most vocal proponents of election denial conspiracy theories about Trump’s election loss in 2020 and would spend years claiming, without evidence, that her own loss in 2022 was caused by election fraud.

    Gabbard did not respond to repeated requests for comment about her links to Willis, but in an interview last April, she did mention the fact that she was visiting the border and making a documentary—though she did not mention Willis’ involvement.

    “I just got back last night from a few days on the border in California. It’s a part of the border in our country that just hasn’t gotten much attention,” Gabbard told the Kelsi Sheren Perspective podcast. “I’m putting together a short documentary. I went there and brought my husband, who’s a cinematographer, and a few cameras specifically, because most people in America don’t know what’s happening.”

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  • Ultrafast electron imaging captures never-before-seen nuclear motions in hydrocarbon molecules excited by light

    Ultrafast electron imaging captures never-before-seen nuclear motions in hydrocarbon molecules excited by light

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    Speedy nuclei do the twist
    Researchers retrieved the time-varying molecular structure of photoexcited o-nitrophenol from ultrafast electron diffraction data using a genetic algorithm. Credit: J. P. F. Nunes (generated using Microsoft Copilot)

    The interactions between light and nitroaromatic hydrocarbon molecules have important implications for chemical processes in our atmosphere that can lead to smog and pollution. However, changes in molecular geometry due to interactions with light can be very difficult to measure because they occur at sub-Angstrom length scales and femtosecond time scales.

    In a study, published in the journal Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, researchers used an ultrafast electron camera to image the motions of hydrocarbon molecules on scales 10,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair.

    This ultra-precise and ultrafast imaging technique, supported by advanced computations, reveals a proton transfer step followed by an out-of-plane twisting motion as key components of energy relaxation. (Relaxation is the process by which the molecule moves from an excited, high-energy state to a lower energy ground state after absorbing light.)

    Previous studies have proposed various ways that hydrocarbon molecules may relax after interacting with light. However, scientists lacked experimental data to verify which process occurs.

    In this research, scientists used the relativistic ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) instrument to observe the relaxation of photoexcited o-nitrophenol. Then, they used a genetic structure fitting algorithm to extract new information about small changes in the molecular shape from the UED data that were imperceptible in previous studies.

    Specifically, the experiment resolved the key processes in the relaxation of o-nitrophenol: proton transfer and deplanarization (i.e., a rotation of part of the molecule out of the molecular plane). Ab-initio multiple spawning simulations confirmed the experimental findings.

    The researchers were able to identify a key relaxation pathway involving proton transfer and molecular “twisting.” This result lays the groundwork for studies of more complex molecules that scientists believe undergo similar interactions. It will also help researchers better understand how pollution forms.

    More information:
    J. P. F. Nunes et al, Photo-induced structural dynamics of o-nitrophenol by ultrafast electron diffraction, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2024). DOI: 10.1039/D3CP06253H

    Provided by
    US Department of Energy


    Citation:
    Ultrafast electron imaging captures never-before-seen nuclear motions in hydrocarbon molecules excited by light (2024, December 10)
    retrieved 10 December 2024
    from https://phys.org/news/2024-12-ultrafast-electron-imaging-captures-nuclear.html

    This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
    part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.



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  • Predicting atomic structures proves useful in energy and sustainability

    Predicting atomic structures proves useful in energy and sustainability

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    Predicting atomic structures proves useful in energy and sustainability
    Unphyiscal CN1 (coordination number of 1) carbons can be effectively reduced by K cycles of restart sampling. Credit: Machine Learning: Science and Technology (2024). DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ad8c10

    Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have developed a new approach that combines generative artificial intelligence (AI) and first-principles simulations to predict three-dimensional atomic structures of highly complex materials.

    This research highlights LLNL’s efforts in advancing machine learning for materials science research and supporting the Lab’s mission to develop innovative technological solutions for energy and sustainability.

    The study, recently published in Machine Learning: Science and Technology, represents a potential leap forward in the application of AI for materials characterization and inverse design.

    The approach uses X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Accurately determining atomic structures from spectroscopic data has long posed a challenge, particularly for complex systems, such as shapeless materials.

    In response, LLNL scientists have introduced a generative framework based on diffusion models, which are an emerging machine learning technique. The authors demonstrate how this framework enables the prediction of 3D atomic arrangements from XANES spectra.

    “Our method bridges a crucial gap between spectroscopic analysis and precise structure determination,” said Hyuna Kwon, a materials scientist in LLNL’s Quantum Simulations Group, Materials Science Division. “By conditioning the generative model on XANES data, we can reconstruct atomic structures that align closely with the target spectra, offering a powerful tool for material analysis and custom design.”

    The project was a collaborative effort, with Kwon and Tim Hsu from LLNL’s Center for Applied Scientific Computing contributing equally. The team demonstrated that their AI model also scales effectively from small datasets for generating realistic, large-scale structures. This scale-agnostic property demonstrates the model’s ability to bridge scales from nanoscale to microscale, enabling detailed atomic structure generation even at complex features like grain boundaries and phase interfaces.

    “This approach can be leveraged beyond just structural analysis,” said Anh Pham, the principal investigator of the project. “It can be extended to inverse design—where we start from a desired material property and engineer the corresponding atomic structure—accelerating the discovery of materials with tailored functionalities.”

    More information:
    Hyuna Kwon et al, Spectroscopy-guided discovery of three-dimensional structures of disordered materials with diffusion models, Machine Learning: Science and Technology (2024). DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ad8c10

    Provided by
    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory


    Citation:
    Predicting atomic structures proves useful in energy and sustainability (2024, December 10)
    retrieved 10 December 2024
    from https://phys.org/news/2024-12-atomic-energy-sustainability.html

    This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no
    part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.



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  • Experts share why commonly used measuring method for fluorescence is not always appropriate

    Experts share why commonly used measuring method for fluorescence is not always appropriate

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    Reshaping tradition: good old ways are not always good
    Scientists from the IPC PAS adding a variable to the known theories on fluorescence in the form of diffusion have come to quite new conclusions. The picture, which refers in a symbolic way to the laser analysis of particle motion, was realized at the hospitable thresholds of the Warsaw University of Technology. Credit: IPC PAS, Grzegorz Krzyzewski

    Fluorescence is a well-known phenomenon with many practical applications that has been studied for decades. Despite this, a commonly used mathematical formalism to describe how it evolves over time does not make physical sense under certain conditions, as researchers from the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences have recently discovered.

    Namely, they showed that a mathematical tool that can be safely used in solids, where molecules are practically immobile, cannot always be used in liquids, where they can move freely. If applied incorrectly, this widely used approach can lead to erroneous interpretations of experimental data and wrong conclusions. This is what their paper in the The Journal of Chemical Physics warns us about.

    Everything glows, but not in the same way. It has been known for more than a century that anybody at a given temperature above the inaccessible absolute zero emits photons. Some substances also emit light after undergoing a chemical or biochemical reaction, an electrochemical reaction, or after being excited by another light source. These phenomena are known as chemi-, bio-, electrochemi- and photo-luminescence, respectively.

    You may have seen photos of Australian coastlines full of bright blue algae at night, or glowing fireflies in the forest. You may have noticed the green and blue flakes in banknotes under an ultraviolet lamp. In all these examples, the observed light is a luminescence process in which molecules in excited states of their electrons relax back to the comfortable relaxed state, giving off the excess energy in the form of photons, and not just heating up their environment.

    This phenomenon of luminescence was first described in Europe in the 16th century by Nicolas de Monardes: lucky enough to be at the center of the world at the time, he received some wood samples from Mexico that, when soaked in alkaline water, glowed blue. The Americans had known for a long time that this was a sign of a well-prepared medicine against kidney diseases from a certain plant known to Monardes as Lignum nephriticum.

    Today, luminescence, in particular fluorescence, is used intensively for the same purpose: to report on the structure and properties of biological samples. Fluorescence microscopy techniques have evolved to the point where single molecules can be observed.

    An interesting characteristic of fluorescent samples is that the duration of light emission depends on many external factors. Therefore, not only the color of the emission is used in the above applications, but also its temporal decay. In the simplest case, this fluorescence decay is well described by an exponential function. This is analogous to the exponential decay of the intensity of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma) emitted by a sample containing a single type of radioactive isotope.

    It is often observed that when the sample is structurally complex, non-homogeneous or very viscous, a simple mathematical function such as the exponential is not sufficient to describe the temporal evolution of fluorescence. Sometimes a sum of several such functions is sufficient.

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    If the complexity is high enough, the number of these functions can be very large, so it makes more sense to use continuous distributions of decays. This is a very elegant formalism that can provide a lot of insight into the structure of the environment in which the fluorescent species is embedded. For example, in a living cell, a fluorophore (our little reporter) might be located in places in the membrane, or in the citoplasm, or in the mitochondria, or attached to some proteins.

    All these different environments will affect the properties of the fluorophore in such a way that its luminescent relaxation will vary, leading to slightly different colors of luminescence with distinct decay times.

    One important phenomenon that occurs to excited molecules is called quenching. This is usually a chemical reaction that impedes the molecules from emitting light, reducing, quenching, the total amount of light observed from the sample. This also shortens the observed duration of the fluorescent glow: it is then said that the decay kinetics are affected by quenching.

    Merging both scenarios, complex environments and quenching by chemical reactions with other substances, is not an easy thing to study, but it happens all the time. One might be tempted to use the same sums of exponential functions or continuous distributions of lifetimes to explain the observations. Until now, we did not know that this was wrong:

    “We have shown that this mathematical approach has a clear physical interpretation only when the fluorophore and quencher molecules are stationary, as in the solid state. However, if we consider the mobility of the fluorophore with respect to the quencher, such an interpretation becomes impossible. Therefore, for systems in which the relative motion of fluorophores and quenchers cannot be ignored, it is not appropriate to use the time-independent rate or decay time distributions to explain, fit, or rationalize experimental results on fluorescence decay,” says Prof. Gonzalo Angulo of ICP PAS.

    In addition, ICP PAS scientists have provided a new insight into the description of molecular systems where the relative motion of fluorophore and quencher is taken into account. They have shown that it is possible to use a theoretical approach to predict the time-dependent decay rate distribution, provided that the initial microscopic properties of the system, such as the distribution of quenchers around the fluorophore and the microscopic transfer rates, are known. Such a time-dependent distribution can correctly describe fluorescence decay even in the presence of molecular motion.

    As is usually the case in theoretical studies, a few simplifying assumptions were made, “First, we assumed that the quenchers interact with a fluorophore but do not “feel” each other: their interactions are neglected. Furthermore, although we considered the fluorophore-quencher excluded volume—through the presence of the pair distribution function—we neglected the quencher-quencher excluded volume effect. Therefore, we can assume that the quencher positions are independent,” says Dr. Jakub Jędrak.

    However, he emphasizes that the main result is very general and does not depend on the presence and exact form of interactions between molecules in solution.

    Their results show how important it is to re-examine existing theories and models and to look at well-studied assumptions. So there is still a lot of work to be done, even if we think that everything is well studied and well known.

    More information:
    Jakub Jędrak et al, Limitations of the rate-distribution formalism in describing luminescence quenching in the presence of diffusion, The Journal of Chemical Physics (2024). DOI: 10.1063/5.0223438

    Provided by
    Polish Academy of Sciences


    Citation:
    Reshaping tradition: Experts share why commonly used measuring method for fluorescence is not always appropriate (2024, December 10)
    retrieved 10 December 2024
    from https://phys.org/news/2024-12-reshaping-tradition-experts-commonly-method.html

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