Tag: health

  • Kyiv Is Using Homegrown Tech to Treat the Trauma of War

    Kyiv Is Using Homegrown Tech to Treat the Trauma of War

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    But this is only half of the problem that needs solving. For those who do want to seek treatment, there simply aren’t enough resources to help them. Clinical psychologists are supposed to limit the number of patient consultations they do in a day, so they don’t burn out. Before the full-scale invasion, Inna Davydenko saw a maximum of four patients daily. Today, Davydenko, a mental health specialist at the City Center of Neurorehabilitation in Kyiv, sees twice that number. When we speak, she’s just finished a video call with a soldier stationed near the front, whom she’s helping cope with stress and anxiety.

    Even before the war massively increased the number of people dealing with trauma, depression, and anxiety, Ukraine’s medical system suffered from an underinvestment in mental health provision. “In most hospitals, you have maybe one psychologist. In good hospitals, it’s maybe two,” Davydenko says. “A lot of people need psychological help, but we can’t cover everything.” There is simply no way that the current system can grow to match the enormous jump in demand. But, Davydenko says, “almost every Ukrainian person has a smartphone.”

    This is exactly what Polovynko and Itskovych want to exploit, using Kyiv Digital’s platforms and data to digitize mental health support for the city, and so close the gap between need and resources. Their project will focus first on those they’ve identified as being most vulnerable—war veterans and children—and those most able to help others: teachers and parents. The next six months of the project will be a “discovery stage,” Polovynko says. “We need to understand the real life of our veterans now, of the children, of the parents, what’s their context, how they survive, what services they use.”

    The project will track people through the process of recovering from trauma, monitoring the treatments they ask for and the ones they receive, their concerns as they move through the mental health system, and their outcomes. Once the team has a detailed map of services and bottlenecks, and data on what’s working and what’s not, they can match individual needs with treatments. A full roll-out is scheduled for early 2025.

    “It doesn’t mean that the whole chain of the service will be absolutely digital,” Itskovych says. Some patients may be directed to group therapy or one-on-one meetings with psychologists, others will be given access to online tools. The aim, she says, is to create efficiency, to close the service gap, but also to provide comfort, meeting people where they are. “For a big part of our clients, there is more comfort with getting the service online, in different ways. Some people are not comfortable meeting a specialist one-on-one; they prefer a digital way to get the service.”

    The project is being supported financially and operationally by Bloomberg Philanthropies, a charitable organization created by former New York mayor and Bloomberg cofounder Michael Bloomberg. James Anderson, head of government innovation at the organization, says that the project comes at a critical time for Kyiv, where people continue to suffer even though global attention has shifted away to other crises.

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  • Smoking Alters Your Immune System for Years After You Quit

    Smoking Alters Your Immune System for Years After You Quit

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    To figure out why and how the effect lasts for years after someone smokes their last cigarette, Duffy’s team turned to their donors’ DNA. Seemingly everything from wildfire smoke to your parents’ trauma has been linked to epigenetic changes—physical manipulations of the DNA molecule that switch genes on or off. Sure enough, the long-term effect of smoking on the immune response also appears to be linked to epigenetics.

    Duffy admits that interpreting these effects can get weird. It’s tempting to think of the more reactive immune system seen in smokers as “good”—when you’re injured or sick, short-term inflammation helps your body heal. But an overblown response that lingers once the threat is gone can lead to chronic inflammation or autoimmune disease.

    Giving up smoking brings the inflammatory response back to where it would have been without cigarettes, but smoking-related epigenetic changes may be tougher to reverse, suspects Sheena Cruickshank, an immunologist at the University of Manchester. The affected immune cells are long-lived, sticking around in the bloodstream for years. Ex-smokers may have to carry traces of their past cigarettes with them until those cells die.

    Of course, smoking behavior doesn’t happen in a vacuum. All 1,000 donors in this study live widely varied lives shaped by a dizzying number of things beyond cigarettes. “We’re exposed to so many different things that it’s difficult to tease them apart,” says Adam Lacy-Hulbert, an immunologist at the Benaroya Research Institute in Seattle, Washington. This study corrected for age and sex, but that certainly doesn’t account for everything. Cruickshank says that, while the effect of any individual environmental factor—smoking included—may be modest, these effects can pile on top of each other and lead to big changes to the immune system.

    These results may have important implications for vaccine delivery. We already tailor vaccine recommendations to specific age groups because inflammation is known to increase as we get older (immunologists even have a term for this: “inflammaging”). Lacy-Hulbert wonders whether we ought to consider environmental factors like people’s smoking habits (past and present) when planning the timing or formulation of their vaccinations. “Immune age, like regular old age, just marches on—things get worse and worse over time,” Lacy-Hulbert says. If smoking is associated with roughly the same degree of change to the immune response as aging, he speculates, “You might imagine that smoking could add years to your immunological age.”

    Duffy and his colleagues at the Milieu Intérieur project already have multiple follow-up projects underway, gathering data from donors in Africa and Asia as well as from children and adults over 75 years old. They’re also preparing a 10-year follow-up report with 415 of the original 1,000 donors sampled in the Nature study to see how changes to their lifestyle affected their immune response over that decade. Moving forward, Tsang hopes that future studies run specific experiments to test some of these associations in the lab, to dig into how our environment and behavior shapes our immune system.

    In the meantime, Cruickshank says, the best way to keep your immune system healthy is to follow the basic advice you’ve probably been told a thousand times: eat a varied, minimally processed diet; move your body; destress; and get plenty of sleep. “In terms of being healthy, smoking is probably the worst thing you can do,” Duffy adds.

    While we still don’t know exactly how long-lived the impact of smoking is, or whether it can be reversed, there’s some good news: After quitting, the effect of smoking on the immune response seems to fade with time. “The best time to stop smoking is now,” Duffy says. “It’s always a good time.”

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  • What Should Your Sex Toys Be Made of?

    What Should Your Sex Toys Be Made of?

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    Buying a sex toy can be daunting. There’s always uncertainty when you buy from a new company—it can be tough to tell whether the materials are high quality, whether they’re safe to be in contact with your most sensitive areas, and what sorts of wear and tear you can expect. But I have a shortcut to help you make the most informed sex toy purchases: the iPhone Rule.

    The iPhone isn’t designed to be in direct, prolonged contact with anyone’s genitals, and I advise against trying to use one as a sex toy. But if you did, it would probably be fine, and that’s because of what it’s made out of—glass, metal, and if you have a case, silicone. Yes, many other materials go into making a phone, and not every case is silicone, but I’ve found that this is a good way to remember what to look for in a sex toy. Naturally, all of these materials have differing grades of quality, but glass, metal, and silicone are the big three you want to be looking for when shopping for a sex toy.

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    Good Old Glass

    This might not be the first material that jumps to mind when you think of sex toys, but it’s a tried and true option for solid-state, non-vibrating sex toys like glass dildos and glass butt plugs. When you’re shopping for a glass sex toy, make sure the packaging or website states explicitly that it’s made out of borosilicate glass. Glass sex toys are safe to use with every kind of lube, and only need to be hand-washed with soap and water to get clean.

    This is the same kind of durable glass used to make scientific equipment and it’s fully nonporous. Being nonporous is important for sex toys because if there are no pores, there’s nowhere for bacteria to hide out when you wash them. If a sex toy is porous, it’s likely only single use, because you’ll never really be able to get it clean and it will discolor and degrade over time. If it’s unclear what kind of glass a sex toy is made out of, don’t buy it. This goes triple for glass toys because if they’re made improperly they can be potentially dangerous! If the company’s packaging or website is indirect or unclear, it’s usually time to move on. There are some exceptions though, so if a particular toy catches your eye it never hurts to email the company directly—most have “contact us” sections for just such occasions.

    The toy we recommend above didn’t have the exact information we were looking for listed on its website, but Kindred Black cofounder Alice Wells confirmed to us that each of its glass sex toys is hand-blown from borosilicate glass right in the US.

    Cold Hard Metal

    Metal sex toys are a little less common than ones made from silicone or plastic, but like glass, they’re incredibly durable and safe to use with every kind of lube. Unlike glass, some metal toys can provide safe internal vibration options. What you want to look for in a metal sex toy is similar to what you look for in a glass toy—clarity about what it’s made out of and how.

    Metal sex toys should be made from surgical steel, also referred to as 316 or 316L stainless steel.  This kind of steel is a nonporous material that has been tested for biocompatibility and is often used in medical applications like surgical pins, or even piercings. The parts of the body that it’s going to be in contact with are important for determining whether a material is safe. It’s worth noting that surgical steel can potentially corrode over time when implanted in certain parts of the body; 316 stainless steel can see some significant corrosion in solutions with a pH of 1.58 or lower. Thankfully vaginal pH typically fluctuates between 3.8 and 5, rectal pH between 7 and 8, and salivary pH between 6.3 and 7.3. All that means is there’s a near-zero chance of a surgical stainless steel sex toy being corroded by coming into contact with any of the usual places a sex toy might end up—even if you use it every day.

    It’s a tried and true material and it’s built to last. Just like glass, you’ll want to scrub it with soap and water to clean it.

    Slippery Silicone

    Silicone is the most widely used sex toy material, and also the hardest to identify. Just about every sex toy maker has different words they use to describe the silicone they use. I’ve seen body-safe, medical grade, body-friendly, hypoallergenic, and tons of other terms thrown around, and I’ve vetted each one.

    There are a couple with a solid body of research behind them, along with some common testing standards: platinum-cured silicone and food-grade silicone. Food grade is a label regulated by the FDA, and it means the silicone has been tested to make sure it doesn’t leach harmful chemicals into food. Platinum-cured silicone is safer than standard (peroxide-cured) silicone because the chemicals used to make the silicone are more completely consumed during the process, leaving nothing behind to leach into your body. Platinum-cured silicones are surprisingly odorless for this reason.

    Medical grade is a label you’ll see pretty often, but if it’s not backed up with the specific regulatory body or testing standard used to determine that it’s medical grade, it leaves me wondering why that hasn’t been disclosed.

    What If There’s No Information?

    You can usually contact the company you’re interested in and ask them what the sex toy is made of. If they don’t respond, or if there’s no way to glean this information, you probably should avoid the product. No matter how cool the toy is, if you don’t know what it’s made out of, that’s because someone in the supply chain has decided not to tell you, and that is a red flag. Sex toys should be treated like medical devices and, as a potential buyer, you deserve specific, clear, and robust information about what you’re putting in your body.

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  • 23andMe Is Under Fire. Its Founder Remains ‘Optimistic’

    23andMe Is Under Fire. Its Founder Remains ‘Optimistic’

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    You had an exclusive partnership with GlaxoSmithKline for five years, from 2018 to 2023. How successful was that?

    It was overwhelmingly productive. Fifty drug targets came out of it, far more than we expected. They upped it again for one more year, the sixth year, though it’s non-exclusive now. We now have the ability to mine the dataset for ourselves, as well as to partner with other groups. Both the 23andMe and the GSK team felt like there was so much in there, any one group can’t possibly mine everything. It’s a real resource that we could apply to a number of different organizations for their own drug discovery.

    Are there particular disease areas that you are really interested in?

    We’ve narrowed our own discovery efforts into inflammation immunology, and particularly on asthma. We are also focused on our immuno-oncology programs, but that’s more on the [drug] development side.

    Speaking of, you have a drug in a Phase 2 trial, an antibody for solid tumor cancers, and you just announced that you’re starting a Phase 1 trial for a second drug, known as a natural killer cell activator, also for cancer. Did you identify those drugs based on your genetic data?

    We did. It’s really exciting seeing genetic data transform into a hypothesis that goes into a drug and actually seeing the impact on patients.

    Do you think most 23andMe customers are aware that if they opt in to participating in research they’re also opting in to their data being used by potential pharma partners?

    It’s not individual level data, unless they explicitly consented for individual level data. I think that most people want to see improvements in their lives. 23andMe can take it so far. But then we’re going to need to partner with others to really accelerate in a number of different disease areas.

    How early on in the company’s history did you start thinking about drug development as a direction that 23andMe might go in?

    Drug discovery was always really interesting to me. I just love the space. I think it’s incredibly interesting to be able to understand genetics and then have that apply and help understand and elucidate biology. The original iterations were about us not doing as much ourselves but rather that we would partner it with other pharma companies.

    It has been a little more than 20 years now since the Human Genome Project was completed, yet the integration of genetics and genomics into medical care has not been fully realized. Why is that?

    The biggest question around genetics is about the cost. In the US health care system, because the employers are paying for most health care and the average time that employees are at a job is three years, then you kind of look at: What’s your three-year investment time horizon, and will it pay off in that timeframe? So, I think it’s a lot about, you know, when does preventative care pay off? I think one of the things that’s a little bit of a sad truth for individuals is that what’s necessarily best for the entire population is not necessarily what’s best for you.

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  • 20 Best Sex Toys (2024): Gender Inclusive, Couples, Solo

    20 Best Sex Toys (2024): Gender Inclusive, Couples, Solo

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    Sex tech has come a long way in the past 10 years—not only in terms of cultural acceptance and awareness but also technology. Gone are the days of clunky, pink plastic rabbit vibrators and sex toys that feel like knockoff action figures. Today’s toys are designed by sex educators, medical professionals, and some of the world’s greatest sexperts. They feature ultra-premium, medical-grade silicone, robust Bluetooth connectivity, programmable vibration patterns, and multiple motors all designed to help you have a good time.

    There’s never a bad time to invest in a little extra self-care. These are the best sex toys, vibrators, smart vibrators, personal wand massagers, and accessories, all of which we’ve personally tested. There’s something here for everyone, every gender, and every body. The language on these products isn’t always gender-inclusive, but we approached testing with a gender-inclusive mindset, testing these with a variety of different genitals, bodies, and partners.

    Be sure to check out our other bedroom-related guides, including the Best Vibrators, Best Lubes, Best Mattresses, and Best Sound Machines.

    Updated February 2024: We’ve added a section on sex toy materials, updated language describing materials, updated impressions, and updated pricing throughout.

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  • This Small Wearable Device Reduces Parkinson’s Symptoms

    This Small Wearable Device Reduces Parkinson’s Symptoms

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    In 2015, Lucy Yung was a young industrial designer working on assistive devices for stroke victims, people with multiple sclerosis, and those with other conditions which meant they struggled with fine motor control. Her projects included a pen that used high-frequency vibrations to help Parkinson’s patients write more clearly.

    Then she was diagnosed with a brain tumor. “I really learned what it felt like to be a patient and that any kind of support or help can dramatically change the lives of people with long-term conditions,” she says. Once she had recovered and returned to work in 2018, she picked up her research on Parkinson’s, with the goal to improve the lives of those with the disease.

    Parkinson’s stems from a communication problem: Damage to neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain leads to decreased levels of dopamine and unusual electrical rhythms, making it harder for signals to move between neurons. The instructions the brain is trying to send to the body struggle to get through, resulting in the characteristic tremors, rigidity, and freezing of gait seen in sufferers.

    But through her prior work on the pen, Yung had identified a potential solution. In the 19th century, French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot noticed that Parkinson’s symptoms seemed to be markedly better after patients had been on long carriage or train rides, and subsequent research has revealed that rhythmic auditory, visual, or physical stimulation can help Parkinson’s patients walk more fluidly through what’s known as “cueing.”

    In 2019, Yung founded Charco Neurotech, a Cambridge-based startup named after the French neurologist, which has developed a wearable device that promises to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Charco’s device, the CUE1, is a small plastic disc with an electric motor inside. It sits on the wearer’s sternum, where it vibrates at a high frequency in a pattern that’s been proven to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson’s through cueing.

    Unlike deep-brain stimulation implants, which have also been used to treat Parkinson’s symptoms, the CUE1 is noninvasive—it attaches to the skin using medical adhesive—and inexpensive. The £295 ($371) device is being used by more than 2,000 people in the UK, with a waiting list of almost 20,000 across 120 countries. Charco has raised more than $10 million in funding and grants and now employs 38 people in the UK, South Korea, and the United States, including Parkinson’s specialists, nurses, engineers, and data analysts. The goal is to get the device approved by regulators so that it can be prescribed by doctors through the National Health Service or Medicaid.

    An app enables users to tailor the pattern of the vibration to one that works best for them. Yung is hoping to develop a feedback system so that the device automatically adjusts based on how well someone is moving—amping up or dialing down the pattern of cueing as needed. “What we’re seeing is that people tend to use the device all day,” she says. “Some people even use it when they’re sleeping, and it helps with sleeping, too.”

    This article appears in the March/April 2024 issue of WIRED UK magazine.

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  • Why fully remote workplaces mean more loneliness – and more sick days

    Why fully remote workplaces mean more loneliness – and more sick days

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    New Scientist Default Image

    FOR most of us, lockdown is now just a dim memory. There has, however, been one lasting effect: hybrid work patterns. The stresses of the daily commute are no more; in its place, we have more time with the children, at the gym or shopping. It is a boon for working parents. This marks a sea change from past work practices. But has it really been the win-win situation some CEOs have claimed?

    In our new book, The Social Brain: The psychology of successful groups, we argue that organisations – hospitals, schools, businesses, government departments – are social environments,…

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  • 10 Best Vibrators (2024): Cheap, Powerful, Flexible

    10 Best Vibrators (2024): Cheap, Powerful, Flexible

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    Vibrators are some of the most approachable sex toys on the market, but there are a lot of them, so shopping for one can get overwhelming. Luckily, I have a few tips and tricks to help you narrow things down.

    First, look at the materials. For vibrators, you want them to be made with 100 percent platinum-cured silicone. Hard glossy plastic is OK for parts that don’t touch your genitals, but platinum silicone is nonporous, easy to clean, and body-safe. Unlike lesser grades of silicone, platinum silicone doesn’t off-gas any weird smells or compounds that may be unpleasant or even harmful to your genitals. That’s because it’s chemically different from other kinds of silicone. Surgical steel (also called 316 stainless steel), and borosilicate glass are just as body-safe, durable, and nonporous but less common in vibrators.

    Second, look at the charger the vibrator comes with. Is it USB-A, USB-C, or a proprietary AC adapter? I try to keep things simple and stick with vibrators that charge with USB-A or USB-C. It’s way too easy to lose the charger, and there’s comfort in knowing you can use any charging cable you have lying around. There’s nothing worse than a toy that dies on you mid-use.

    Lastly, use your nose. When you get your new vibrator, test its vibration strength on the tip of your nose first. You should feel it tickling your nostrils and sinuses, giving you an idea of how deep into your genital tissue it can stimulate. Remember, about 90 percent of the clitoris can’t be stimulated directly because it’s under the skin, so deep vibes are important. The same goes for the phallus—the erectile tissue goes deep into your body, and stimulating it with a vibrator can provide a new and exhilarating experience.

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  • 5 Best Water Bottles (2024): Owala, LifeStraw, Yeti

    5 Best Water Bottles (2024): Owala, LifeStraw, Yeti

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    Owning a reusable water bottle is a great way to cut out single-use plastic and stay hydrated. Most people have specific preferences for their drinking vessels—nearly every WIRED staffer has their own favorite—so the best water bottle is the one you’ll use. If you’re unsure where to start, we’ve rounded up our favorites after years of trial and error and a lot of water.

    Whichever bottle or brand you go with, remember that you don’t need to own a collection of any bottle—that defeats the environmental purpose of purchasing a reusable bottle in the first place.

    Be sure to check out our other buying guides, like the Best Travel Mugs, Best Reusable Products, and the Best Recycled Products.

    Updated February 2024: The Owala FreeSip is our new top pick. We’ve added the brand’s tumbler, as well as the LifeStraw Go, Yeti Yonder, and HydroJug Pro as options. We’ve also made a note about Stanley’s use of lead in its viral bottles.

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    How Much Water Do You Really Need?

    Drinking water is extremely important, but there’s not a one-size-fits-all answer to just how much we need. The old 8-glasses-a-day rule isn’t for everyone, but it’s a fine place to start. Talk to your doctor, who can assess your needs given your health and lifestyle. If you’re an active person, working out and sweating a lot, you should drink more, as you should if you’re in a hot and humid area. If you’re thirsty, drink.

    The Mayo Clinic states that about 20 percent of your daily fluid intake should come from food and that in total—counting both from drinking and eating—adult men should get around 3.7 liters a day and women 2.7 liters a day. Drinking too much water can cause your sodium levels to drop to dangerous levels in a condition called hyponatremia, but that’s, uh, quite a bit of water. Sipping your water bottle all day shouldn’t be an issue.

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  • A Startup Has Unlocked a Way to Make Cheap Insulin

    A Startup Has Unlocked a Way to Make Cheap Insulin

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    Now some key patents have expired, and the US Food and Drug Administration has paved the way for biosimilar versions of insulin—so-called because they’re almost identical to another product already on the market. For a product to be biosimilar, it must be highly similar in structure to the original and work just as well in patients.

    Owen’s company, founded in 2020, has designed supercharged E. coli-like bacteria that can produce much greater amounts of insulin than existing strains used in insulin production. To do that, the company struck up a collaboration with Sergej Djuranovic, a professor of cell biology and physiology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. In 2019, Djuranovic’s lab discovered a sequence of amino acids—the building blocks of proteins—that could make a gene produce far more proteins than is usual. He and his colleagues found that the sequence worked in bacterial, yeast, and even human cells.

    “This sequence of certain amino acids will boost up protein production, and it’s purely because the protein is being made more efficiently,” Djuranovic says.

    In theory, the sequence could be used to pump out large amounts of any protein, including insulin. Being able to produce insulin more efficiently is why rBIO thinks it can drive the cost down.

    A 2018 study estimated that it costs roughly $2 to $4 to produce a vial of synthetic insulin. Owen says rBIO can do it even more cheaply, since its process yields more of the drug.

    “New technologies that will make it even less expensive are certainly good, but they’re not going to be huge game changers right away,” says Robert Lash, a diabetes expert and chief medical officer of the Washington, DC-based Endocrine Society. Ultimately, he thinks more competition will be better for patients. “The more companies that are making insulin and the more options patients have available, the less expensive it’s going to become over time,” he says.

    Even with the FDA’s blessing, few players outside the big three insulin manufacturers have broken into the market. In July 2021, the drug Semglee from Mylan Pharmaceuticals and Biocon Biologics became the first biosimilar insulin approved by the FDA, as an interchangeable product for Sanofi’s Lantus insulin. Later that year, the agency approved Rezvoglar by Eli Lilly as a biosimilar for Lantus, made by Sanofi. The three major insulin makers have also come out with unbranded versions of their own brand-name insulins.

    Utah-based Civica, a nonprofit pharma company, announced plans in 2022 to manufacture and distribute its own low-cost insulin, pledging to cap prices at $30 per vial and $55 for a box of five cartridges. Last year, California entered into a contract with Civica so that the state could produce its own affordable insulin.

    Owen says rBIO is aiming to reduce the cost of insulin by 30 percent. Its product, R-biolin, is designed to be a copy of Novo Nordisk’s Novolin, an insulin that starts acting within 90 minutes and lasts for 24 hours. This month, Novo Nordisk lowered the list price for several of its branded and unbranded insulins, including Novolin. It now charges $48.20 for a vial and $91.09 for a FlexPen of Novolin.

    The Houston startup still has to prove whether its insulin works as well as Novolin, and even then, rBIO will have little control over the price patients end up paying. Like other manufacturers, rBIO would sell its insulin to pharmacy benefit managers. “We still think we can lower the cost significantly,” Owen says.

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