Nature, Published online: 08 July 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02011-8
Observations from satellites and climate-model simulations show that moderate volcanic eruptions and extreme wildfires have humidified the stratosphere since 2005. The aerosol-mediated effects of these eruptions and fires explain about one-third of the observed stratospheric water-vapour trend, a contribution similar to that of surface warming.
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