Author: chemistadmin

  • Ekster’s Stylish Wallet is Pocket-Sized Perfection

    Ekster’s Stylish Wallet is Pocket-Sized Perfection

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    If you worry about losing your wallet, you can pick up a tracker card for an extra $49. I opted for the Android version, which works with the Chipolo network to show your wallet’s last known location on a map. There is also an iOS version that works with Apple’s Find My network. Like all the best trackers, both versions allow you to ring your wallet from your phone, which is ideal when you have a train to catch, and your wallet has slipped down between the couch cushions. You can even set left-behind alerts, so you get pinged if your wallet goes out of range of your phone.

    Battery life is up to six months for the iOS tracker and around three for the Android version. You can plug the iOS model in to recharge, but the Android tracker has a wee solar panel to keep it topped up. They are as thick as a couple of cards and fit snugly in the pocket on the back. I have never lost my wallet.

    More Minimalist

    While the Ekster Parliament is my favorite, I have tested some of Ekster’s other models. The Cardholder and Cardholder Pro ditch the leather exterior for an even sleeker finish and come in some fun colors and patterns like forged magma and carbon fiber. They retain the trigger and other features and are perfect if you prefer to travel as light as possible. I have given a couple as gifts, and my eldest uses the Ekster Cardholder and loves it.

    Space is limited when you opt for a minimalist wallet like this, and there is no room for coins and only limited space for bills. But there are optional add-ons. Modular extras include a multi-tool card ($49), a cash clip backplate ($29), and a coin tray ($29). The coin tray is quite handy and can also accommodate a key, but you won’t want to add too many extras, or your wallet will bulk up.

    Image may contain Accessories Adapter Electronics Wallet Mobile Phone and Phone

    Ekster Parliament Wallet (left) vs Ekster Cardholder Pro (right)

    Ultimately, the Ekster Parliament has been in my inside pocket for several years now, and it still works perfectly. I never miss my fat old wallet, and I still enjoy pulling that trigger every time I reach for my card. The tracker has also been a lifesaver a couple of times, reassuring me that I left my wallet in my other jacket and not out and about somewhere. It is a little pricey, but it might just be the last wallet you ever need to buy.

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  • Good at Reading? Your Brain May Be Structured Differently

    Good at Reading? Your Brain May Be Structured Differently

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    THIS ARTICLE IS republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license.

    The number of people who read for fun appears to be steadily dropping. Fifty percent of UK adults say they don’t read regularly (up from 42 percent in 2015) and almost one in four young people aged 16 to 24 say they’ve never been readers, according to research by The Reading Agency.

    But what are the implications? Will people’s preference for video over text affect our brains or our evolution as a species? What kind of brain structure do good readers actually have? My new study, published in NeuroImage, has found out.

    I analyzed open source data from more than 1,000 participants to discover that readers of varying abilities had distinct traits in brain anatomy.

    The structure of two regions in the left hemisphere, which are crucial for language, were different in people who were good at reading.

    One was the anterior part of the temporal lobe. The left temporal pole helps associate and categorize different types of meaningful information. To assemble the meaning of a word such as leg, this brain region associates the visual, sensory and motor information conveying how legs look, feel and move.

    The other was Heschl’s gyrus, a fold on the upper temporal lobe which hosts the auditory cortex (the cortex is the outermost layer of the brain). Better reading ability was linked to a larger anterior part of the temporal lobe in the left hemisphere compared to the right. It makes sense that having a larger brain area dedicated to meaning makes it easier to understand words and, therefore, to read.

    What might seem less intuitive is that the auditory cortex would be related to reading. Isn’t reading mainly a visual skill? Not only. To pair letters with speech sounds, we first need to be aware of the sounds of the language. This phonological awareness is a well-established precursor to children’s reading development.

    A thinner left Heschl’s gyrus has previously been related to dyslexia, which involves severe reading difficulties. My research shows that this variation in cortical thickness does not draw a simple dividing line between people with or without dyslexia. Instead, it spans the larger population, in which a thicker auditory cortex correlates with more adept reading.

    Why Size Matters

    Is thicker always better? When it comes to cortical structure, no, not necessarily. We know the auditory cortex has more myelin in the left hemisphere of most people. Myelin is a fatty substance that acts as an insulator for nerve fibers. It increases neural communication speed and can also insulate columns of brain cells from each other. Neural columns are believed to function as small processing units.

    Their increased isolation and rapid communication in the left hemisphere can be thought to enable the fast, categorical processing necessary for language. We need to know if a speaker uses the category d or t when saying dear or tear rather than detecting the exact point where the vocal folds start vibrating.

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  • Save Space on Your Phone by Offloading and Archiving Apps

    Save Space on Your Phone by Offloading and Archiving Apps

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    If you’re looking to free up some space on your phone, one of the recommendations often put forward is to uninstall the apps you’ve not making much use of. You save on the space they’re taking up and the bandwidth required to keep them updated, and you stop them from collecting data on you as well.

    However, if you’re not keen on completely removing your lesser-used apps—just in case you might need them—there is another option. Both Android and iOS enable you to remove a good chunk of the data and files linked to an app, without actually uninstalling it. The app icon and some data stay on your phone. If and when you need it again, the rest of the necessary data gets fetched from the web, and the app is fully restored.

    Android calls it archiving apps, and on an iPhone it’s called offloading apps. Once you’ve enabled the feature, you can have everything handled automatically for you—meaning your less commonly used apps aren’t taking up a huge amount of room on your device, but are still within easy reach if they’re needed.

    Archiving Apps on Android

    You can manually archive any app on Android.

    You can manually archive any app on Android.David Nield

    Starting with Google’s mobile operating system, archiving an app “removes its software, permissions, temporary files, and stops notifications, but retains the app icon and data” in Google’s words. You can manually choose which apps to archive, or let Android make that decision based on which apps you use the least.

    To archive an app manually, open Settings and choose Apps, then select the app you want to archive (tap See all apps if the one you want is not visible). Tap Archive to archive it: The app icon in the app drawer—and on the home screen, if it’s there—will have an archive icon next to it (an arrow inside a cloud symbol). To restore an archived app back to its normal state, just tap on its icon. After a quick restore, the app will launch as normal.

    To have all of this handled automatically for you, open the Play Store app: Tap your profile picture (top right), then choose Settings and General, and enable Automatically archive apps. Google doesn’t specify the criteria it uses to decide when an app should be archived, but you’ll see the same archive symbol next to the name of any archived apps just as it appears when you initiate the process manually.

    If you’ve turned on automatic app archiving, you can still archive apps manually if you need to. You can also protect certain apps from being archived automatically: From the main Android Settings screen, choose Apps and then select the app you want to protect. (Tap See all apps if you can’t see it.) Turn off the Manage app if unused toggle switch, and it will be left alone.

    Offloading Apps on iOS

    iOS will automatically offload apps for you.

    iOS will automatically offload apps for you.David Nield

    If you’re using an iPhone, iOS gives you the opportunity to offload apps. As on Android, the bulk of the app data is deleted to free up space, with key bits of information kept on your phone. For example, if you decide to restore the app, you won’t have to go through the process of signing in and setting your preferences again.

    To find the option, open up Settings on iOS, then choose App Store. You’ll see a toggle switch labeled Offload Unused Apps, together with a little bit of information about what it does. Offloaded apps still appear on the home screen and in your app library, but they have a cloud icon on them.

    Apple doesn’t say too much about the criteria it uses to choose which apps are offloaded —like how long an app has to be left idle before action is taken, for example—but you can quickly restore an app again just by tapping on its icon. The necessary data will be redownloaded, and the app then launches normally.

    You can always manually offload an app as well, if you need to. From Settings, choose General, then iPhone Storage. You’ll see a list of all installed apps (you can sort them by size using the filter at the top, if required): Tap an app to find the Offload App option. That button then changes to Reinstall App, which will restore the app again.

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  • Mega-Farms Are Driving the Threat of Bird Flu

    Mega-Farms Are Driving the Threat of Bird Flu

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    In the West, where herds of thousands of cattle are common, researchers are seeing cases rise at poultry and dairy operations. More than 50 workers have contracted the virus.

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  • Microsoft’s AI Recall Tool Is Still Sucking Up Credit Card and Social Security Numbers

    Microsoft’s AI Recall Tool Is Still Sucking Up Credit Card and Social Security Numbers

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    What a week! On Monday, police arrested 26-year-old Luigi Mangione and charged him in the murder of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson. Mangione’s five-day run from authorities ended after he was spotted eating at a McDonald’s in Altoona, Pennsylvania, about 300 miles from Manhattan, where Thompson was gunned down on the morning of December 4. Authorities say they found Mangione carrying fake IDs and a 3D-printed “ghost gun,” the model of which is known as the FMDA, or “Free Men Don’t Ask.”

    Meanwhile, a flood of mysterious drone sightings across New Jersey and neighboring states caused so much havoc, it quickly gained federal attention. While many people wondered why the US military couldn’t just shoot down the drones, the FBI, Department of Homeland Security, and independent experts say the drone mystery may not be much of a mystery, and the drones are probably mostly just airplanes.

    As for more terrestrial threats, we dove into the far-right realm of “Active Clubs,” small groups of young, fitness-focused men who are steeped in extremist ideology and linked to several violent attacks. While the man who helped invent the Active Club network, Robert Rundo, was sentenced in federal court this week, Active Clubs around the world are proliferating.

    Finally, we investigated cheating schemes that use tiny cameras to gain an illicit edge in poker, and we interrogated the ways humans will use generative AI to make the world a more dangerous place.

    But that’s not all. Each week, we round up the privacy and security news we didn’t cover in depth ourselves. Click the headlines to read the full stories. And stay safe out there.

    Back in May, Microsoft jubilantly announced Recall, an AI feature for some Windows PCs that silently takes screenshots every five seconds and then allows you to easily search through the resulting digital footprint. Forgotten where you saw a recipe online? Tapping a couple of keywords into Recall could, in theory, find the dish again. It didn’t take long for the privacy and security community to find gaping holes in the feature.

    In response, Microsoft delayed Recall’s launch and eventually made some significant changes—such as making Recall opt-in rather than on by default, better encrypting information captured by Recall, and adding authentication to access data that it stored. Recall finally launched for some users this month.

    However, this week, testing of Recall by Tom’s Hardware demonstrated that a key safeguard put in place by Microsoft can still fail. With a Recall setting called “filter sensitive information” turned on, Tom’s Hardware’s tests found that it still took screenshots of some sensitive information—such as credit card numbers and Social Security numbers. When the publication typed a credit card number and a username and password into a Notepad window, they were gathered in the screenshots. “Similarly, when I filled out a loan application PDF in Microsoft Edge, entering a social security number, name and DOB, Recall captured that,” Avram Piltch writes. The tool, however, didn’t record details when they were entered on a couple of online stores.

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  • Can the AirPods Pro 2 Really Replace Hearing Aids? We Asked a Grandmother

    Can the AirPods Pro 2 Really Replace Hearing Aids? We Asked a Grandmother

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    The AirPods Pro 2 also have functions to emphasize sounds coming directly toward someone, adjust the overall volume, and adjust the balance of each range, but these are difficult for anyone who is not the wearer to set, and we didn’t test them in depth. Nevertheless, it is a useful feature if the wearer knows how to use it.

    Limited Use Outside

    Although the AirPods Pro 2 worked well at home, its use when my grandmother went outside was more limited. When she went to her fitness center to work out, she was worried that they might get in the way or that she might lose them. There were also occasions when she felt awkward about wearing the earphones in the first place, like when she was having dinner with friends or attending a music recital.

    Even I, as someone two generations younger, have a habit of taking my earphones out when talking to someone. It’s not surprising that someone her age, part of a generation with few people who wear wireless earphones in the first place, might be even more self-conscious wearing AirPods.

    There are also limitations because of battery life. Hearing aids typically have batteries that are designed to last a full day, while the AirPods Pro 2’s charge lasts for up to six hours according to the official website. Forgetting to sufficiently charge the AirPods and then losing the hearing aid function would be disruptive.

    Consider Manual Dexterity Too

    Can the AirPods Pro 2 Really Replace Hearing Aids We Asked a Grandmother

    Photograph: Timothée Lambrecq

    In addition, there were some operational issues. For example, the AirPods Pro 2’s Hearing Aid function is only available when the External Sound Capture mode is enabled, but the pressure-sensitive sensor on the shaft used to switch between settings was a little difficult for my grandmother to operate.

    As far as taking the earphones in and out of the case, which she found tricky at first, she became more comfortable with the process over time. I was still worried, however, about her dropping them outside, and we considered attaching a chain to them, though it would then be difficult to attach and remove the chain every time the AirPods needed to be recharged. Before purchasing them, you may want to consider your family member’s dexterity and hand strength.

    After her one-week trial of the AirPods Pro 2, my grandmother says she will continue to use them at home. She praised them as earphones and the fact that they’re comfortable to wear. It appears, however, that she will continue to use her hearing aids when she leaves home, at least for the time being.

    This article originally appeared in WIRED Japan.

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  • Creating a Global Package to Solve the Problem of Plastics

    Creating a Global Package to Solve the Problem of Plastics

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    According to the United Nations, plastic production skyrocketed from 2 million metric tons in 1950 to about 400 million in 2024. This number is expected to triple by 2060. Only 10 percent of this plastic is currently being recycled and reused. The rest will remain in our environment for centuries, polluting the planet, from oceans to mountains, contaminating food chains and human bodies, where it risks damage to our organs and brains.

    In 2025, we will start putting an end to plastic pollution. Since 2022, policymakers in the United Nations, representing over 170 countries, have been negotiating a legally binding Global Plastics Treaty addressing the full lifecycle of plastics, from design to production to disposal. This treaty shares many of the mechanisms present in the 1987 Montreal Protocol, which eventually led to the phasing out of CFCs, the chemicals responsible for ozone depletion. As such, it can be as successful, despite opposition to it.

    The treaty was due to be finalized by the fifth and final session, in Busan, South Korea, at the end of November 2024. So far, perhaps unsurprisingly, negotiations have been polarized. At the time of writing, the draft of the treaty includes two options as to its overall goal: the first, more ambitious, aims to “end plastic pollution”; the second, on the other hand, aims to “protect human health and the environment from plastic pollution.”

    The first option is defended by a group of countries which are part of the High Ambition Coalition to End Plastic Pollution, led by the Nordics but also including countries like Rwanda and Peru. Option two is preferred by major oil producers like Saudi Arabia, who want to steer the focus of the discussions towards plastic recycling and waste management, rather than its production. In August 2024, the United States, also a major plastic and oil producer, announced a surprising policy shift by now committing to support limits on plastic production as well. Given how influential the Americans are, this new position will affect the treaty.

    Agreeing on option one would put us on a path very similar to the one followed by the Montreal Protocol. While it is unlikely at this point that the treaty would set concrete binding targets for the phase-down of plastic production, it would undeniably set the ambitious goal of ending plastic pollution. On the other hand, option two (“protect human health and the environment”) is a terribly vague aim, in part because we don’t actually know for certain what the threshold is for human health impacts, and may not know for a very long time.

    Regardless, the two options are a step forward: both provide the necessary steer for the plastic industry to develop better technologies. Option one, for instance, would inspire companies to develop alternatives such as fully biodegradable and compostable materials designed to ultimately replace plastic (especially single-use plastics like shopping bags and plastic packaging, which constitutes 35 percent of plastic usage today). Option two would likely drive the industry to develop more efficient ways to reduce the waste stream, such as improved recycling processes.

    This technology steer is perhaps the most important aspect of the treaty. The original 1987 Montreal Protocol, for instance, set very conservative gradual phase-down targets for the reduction of CFC production: 20 percent by 1994 and then 50 percent by 1998. At the time, these were seen as way too slow for what was required to address the problem. But, crucially, the protocol also explicitly stated that such targets would be revisited as new scientific and alternative technologies became available. This put pressure on the industry to develop technological solutions as companies competed to develop better products. In the end, those alternatives—like hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which could be used in refrigeration while having much less impact on the ozone layer—developed so much faster than expected that, only three years later, countries met again to agree to phase out the use of CFCs completely by 2000.

    In 2025, the Global Plastics Treaty will send a clear message to the plastics industry that it has to change the way it does business. That will be the beginning of the end of plastic.

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  • 7️⃣Which Early Chemistry Pioneer Lived in This House?

    7️⃣Which Early Chemistry Pioneer Lived in This House?

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    Street, City, Country

    472 Priestley Ave, Northumberland, PA, USA

     

    Who was there?

    Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)

     

    When did he live there?

    1794–1804

     

    What is it today?

    A museum. The Joseph Priestley House Museum, a National Historic Landmark and National Historic Chemical Landmark, houses Priestley’s house and laboratory. Operated by the Friends of Joseph Priestley House since 2009, it was previously managed by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC).

    In the nearby Pond Building visitors can explore the Joseph Priestley Timeline, a series of panels that present his achievements across different periods.

     

    Original building?

    Yes.

     

    Architect?

    The house was designed by Priestley’s wife Mary.

     

    What is Joseph Priestley known for?

    Discovery of Oxygen & Phlogiston Theory

    Joseph Priestley is best known for his discovery of oxygen. On Monday, August 1, 1774, in the tiny laboratory of his house in Calne, UK, he heated mercury oxide using a burning lens in the sunlight within a closed apparatus in a pneumatic tub. He obtained a previously unknown gas that supported combustion more effectively than normal air. He called the gas “dephlogisticated” air. However, Priestley failed to recognize the elementary nature of the gas.

    He also found that a mouse could live longer in the “new” air than in ordinary air and tried the “new” air himself: “I experienced my chest feeling strangely light and free for a while afterward. Who knows whether this pure air will not one day become a fashionable luxury item? So far, only two mice and I have had the privilege of breathing it in”.

    What was remarkable about his discovery was that, unlike Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786), he was able to publish it promptly. Scheele had likely identified oxygen two years earlier, but his publication was delayed. A Polish alchemist had also described a gas with the properties of oxygen before [3].

    Priestley never gave up the phlogiston theory, leaving Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) with the privilege of truly understanding oxygen [3]. Priestley concluded the following from his exeriment: The Phlogiston theory says that normal air contains phlogiston. Phlogiston is absorbed by the mercury oxide when it is heated, resulting in mercury (mercury lime + phlogiston) and a type of air that is free of phlogiston. The dephlogisticated air supports combustion because it can absorb phlogiston.

     

    Pneumatic Chemistry At That Time

    At that time, English scientists were very successful in gas chemistry, or pneumatic chemistry. Stephen Hales (1677–1761) washed and collected the fumes emitted by heated objects in an inverted vessel by passing them through a kettle filled with water. However, he did not analyze them chemically.

    Joseph Black (1728–1799) proved in 1756 that fixed air (CO₂) is different from ordinary air, and demonstrated its production from CaCO₃ in 1756. Priestley’s invention of soda water and his isolation of 20 gases between 1770 and 1800, including sulfur and nitrogen oxides, CO, HCl, O₂, revolutionized gas research [3]. He was an excellent experimentalist, but a weak theorist and a strong nonconformist.

     


    Figure 1. Title page to volume I of Joseph Priestly’s “Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air” (1774). [3]. (public domain)

     

    Life

    Joseph Priestley was born on March 13, 1733, in Fieldhead near Leeds, UK, and died on February 6, 1804, in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, USA. The son of a cloth maker, he initially was educated in commerce before studying theology, philosophy, and natural sciences from 1752 to 1755. Priestley worked as an assistant preacher from 1755 to 1760 and later as a language teacher, all while pursuing scientific studies. In 1767, he became a preacher in a poor Leeds parish and conducted gas experiments on the side. By 1773, he was a lecturer and librarian, dedicating himself fully to gas chemistry.

    His support for the French Revolution forced him to emigrate to America in 1794, where he became a farmer and continued his scientific work. Priestley supposedly invented the rubber eraser and, through his research on gas solubility, developed a method to carbonate beverages. To isolate water-soluble gases, he developed the pneumatic trough with a mercury barrier (see Fig. 2). He used carbon dioxide captured from his fireplace.

     


    Figure 2. Pneumatic trough, glass collecting cylinders, and other equipment used by Joseph Priestley in his experiments on gases. The right-hand cylinder displays a sprig of mint, demonstrating that plants produce oxygen from carbon dioxide. (public domain)

     

    References/Sources

    [1] Bennett R. Willeford, Das Portrait: Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), Chem. Unserer Zeit 1979. https://doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19790130403

    [2] Who Was Joseph Priestley, Priestley House, USA (accessed December 11, 2024)

    [3] Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1774–86), a six-volume work published by Joseph Priestley

    [4] Robert E. Schofield, The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley: A Study of his Life and Work from 1733 to 1773, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, USA, 1997. ISBN 0-271-01662-0

    [5] Georg Lockemann, Joseph Priestley In: Das Buch Der Grossen Chemiker, Verlag Chemie GmbH, Band 1, Weinheim, Germany, 1974, S. 263 ff.

     

    → Back to Overview: Guess the Houses and Molecules

     

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  • Angewandte Chemie 51/2024: Stunning Views

    Angewandte Chemie 51/2024: Stunning Views

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    In this issue, Qichun Zhang et al. review organic cocrystals’ properties and applications such as NIR sensing, photocatalysis, batteries, and stimuli responses. The Minireviews deal with carbonylation reactions at carbon-centered radicals with adjacent heteroatoms (Le-Cheng Wang, Xiao-Feng Wu), carbon- and nitrogen-based complexes as photocatalysts for prebiotic and oxygen chemistry during Earth evolution (Yuanxing Fang et al.), as well as NIR-II AIEgens for infectious diseases phototheranostics (Dong Wang et al.). Graham J. Hutchings et al. highlight the smart design of non-noble catalysts for sustainable propane dehydrogenation. Martina Letizia Contente and Oliver Dumele report from the 57th Bürgenstock Conference on Stereochemistry.

    In the original research section, Quan Li et al. present visible-light-driven solid-state fluorescent photoswitches for high-level information encryption. Stefanie Dehnen et al. describe a strain-induced structural rearrangement towards a white-light-emitting adamantane-type cluster dimer. Elodie Anxolabéhère-Mallart et al. unraveled the mechanism of CO2 electrocatalytic reduction by an iron porphyrin by operando spectroelectrochemistry. Andreas Marx et al. applied cell-permeable NAD+ analogs to identify ADP-ribosylation targets (see picture).


     

    Sponsored content is not written by and does not necessarily reflect the views of ChemistryViews’s editorial staff.

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  • Tips for ChatGPT’s Voice Mode? Best AI Uses for Retirees? Our Expert Answers Your Questions

    Tips for ChatGPT’s Voice Mode? Best AI Uses for Retirees? Our Expert Answers Your Questions

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    Thank you so much to all the readers who tuned in live to participate in the second installment of our question and answer series focused on artificial intelligence. I was thrilled to see so many questions come in before the event, as well as all the questions that were dropped into the chat during our conversation.

    Missed the broadcast? We’ve got your back. Below is a replay of this event that WIRED subscribers can watch whenever. Also, the livestream from the first one is available here.

    I started off the chat with a couple quick demos showing how to use the image and voice features built into chatbots, including an example of how it’s possible to interact with ChatGPT’s Advanced Voice Mode as a kind of Duolingo-style language learning tool. For a deeper dive into a few of the live questions we discussed, I’d suggest checking out my AI advice column for December, tackling questions about proper attribution for generative tools and how to teach the next generation about AI.

    If you’re interested in experimenting with AI-assisted notetaking, here’s a link to WIRED’s interview with Raiza Martin, the former senior product manager at Google who helped build NotebookLM as an experiment inside of the company, before leaving to focus on her own startup. The podcasts NotebookLM can create of two AI-hosts discussing your files is entertaining and surprisingly helpful.

    Any newbies who are just getting started with AI and experimenting with it should sign up for season two of our AI Unlocked newsletter, where I help walk you through different AI tools and how to approach the technology.

    At WIRED, we’re about to take some time off for the end of the year, but we’ll be back in January for another 45-minute livestream session on Thursday, January 16 at 1 pm ET / 10 am PT. Mark your calendars and keep sending in every question you can think of about AI. I’ll see you again in the new year!

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