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Tag: Archaeology

  • World’s oldest cheese found on 3500-year-old Chinese mummies

    World’s oldest cheese found on 3500-year-old Chinese mummies

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    A Bronze Age mummy from Xinjiang, China

    Wenying Li

    A mysterious white substance found on Bronze Age mummies in China has proven to be the world’s oldest cheese.

    The cheese remnants were first found about two decades ago, smeared on the heads and necks of mummies found in the Xiaohe cemetery in Xinjiang province, which date from around 3500 years ago.

    It has been long suspected that the substance may have had a fermented dairy origin, but only now have molecular tools become powerful enough to confirm their make-up.

    Based on the presence of yeast, lactic acid bacteria and proteins from ruminant milk in the samples, Qiaomei Fu at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and her colleagues have identified the substance as a kind of kefir cheese.

    Kefir is a traditional drink made by fermenting milk using kefir grains, which are pellets of microbial cultures, like a sourdough starter.

    Fu says the substance was no longer immediately recognisable as kefir cheese. “Due to their age, these pale-yellow cheese samples smelled of nothing and were powdery to touch and a little crumbly,” she says.

    While there has been archaeological evidence from pottery of cheese-making technology from as long as 7000 years ago, no one has ever discovered such ancient cheese.

    The team found goat and cow DNA in the samples, but it appears that the milk from each of these animals was kept separate – unlike the mixed cheeses in many Greek and Middle Eastern cheese-making traditions. This may have been because goat milk is lower in lactose and so less likely to cause gut problems when consumed.

    Fu and her colleagues also recovered the DNA of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens bacteria from the dairy samples, which they compared with the genomes of modern strains used to make kefir.

    The modern strains have evolved in line with the preferences of cheese consumers, says Fu. For example, the DNA analysis suggests the new strains have been selected to cause less of an immune response in the human intestine.

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  • Bronze Age clash was Europe’s oldest known interregional battle

    Bronze Age clash was Europe’s oldest known interregional battle

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    A conflict known as Europe’s oldest battle probably involved both local warriors and fighters from a region to the south, which would make the encounter the earliest known interregional battle on the continent1.

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    doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-03090-1

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  • Cold war spy satellites and AI detect ancient underground aqueducts

    Cold war spy satellites and AI detect ancient underground aqueducts

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    Holes at the top of this image are vertical shafts to underground aqueducts called qanats

    Nazarij Buławka et al

    Most of the ancient underground aqueducts that enabled humans to settle in the world’s hottest and driest regions have been lost over time. Now, archaeologists are rediscovering them by using artificial intelligence to analyse spy satellite images taken during the cold war.

    The oldest known underground aqueducts that are found across much of North Africa and the Middle East are called qanats and are up to 3000 years old. They were designed to carry water from highland or mountain…

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  • Ancient Rapanui genomes reveal resilience and pre-European contact with the Americas

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  • Greenland voyage sheds light on little-known ancient Arctic culture

    Greenland voyage sheds light on little-known ancient Arctic culture

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    Researchers survey archaeological features in Wandel Dal valley, Greenland

    Fuuja Larsen

    Some 4500 years ago, as the Great Pyramid of Giza was being erected and the Indus Valley civilisation hit its peak, a group of Arctic peoples migrated to a region of northern Greenland now known as Inutoqqat Nunaat, or the “land of the ancient people”.

    They were the northernmost culture on Earth at the time, living just 800 kilometres from the North Pole, but little else has been known about their diet, customs and strategies for survival in this polar climate. Now, that is starting to change.

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  • Underwater bridge gives clues to ancient human arrival

    Underwater bridge gives clues to ancient human arrival

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    Mallorca is the largest of the Balearic islands and the sixth-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, but despite its size and location research suggests that it was among the last Mediterranean islands to be settled by humans. But exactly when people arrived on the island is a subject of much debate, with current estimates placing it at around 4,400 years ago.

    However, an ancient stone bridge in a flooded cave may call that timeline into question. By dating mineral deposits in the cave scientists have given a new window for when they suggest humans actually reached the island — at least 1,000 years earlier than previously thought.

    Submerged bridge constructed at least 5600 years ago indicates early human arrival in Mallorca, Spain

    Subscribe to Nature Briefing, an unmissable daily round-up of science news, opinion and analysis free in your inbox every weekday.

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  • Covert racism in AI chatbots, precise Stone Age engineering, and the science of paper cuts

    Covert racism in AI chatbots, precise Stone Age engineering, and the science of paper cuts

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    Download the Nature Podcast 28 August 2024

    In this episode:

    00:31 Chatbots makes racist judgements on the basis of dialect

    Research has shown that large language models, including those that power chatbots such as ChatGPT, make racist judgements on the basis of users’ dialects. If asked to describe a person, many AI systems responded with racist stereotypes when presented with text written in African American English — a dialect spoken by millions of people in the United States that is associated with the descendants of enslaved African Americans — compared with text written in Standardized American English. The findings show that such models harbour covert racism, even when they do not display overt racism, and that conventional fixes to try to address biases in these models had no effect on this issue.

    Research Article: Hoffman et al.

    News and Views: LLMs produce racist output when prompted in African American English

    Nature News: Chatbot AI makes racist judgements on the basis of dialect

    07:01 How ancient engineers built a megalithic structure

    The 6,000-year-old Dolmen of Menga is a marvel of ancient engineering. Research has now revealed fresh insights into the structure and the technical abilities of the Neolithic builders who constructed it. The work shows that a set-up of counterweights and ramps might have been used to correctly position the massive sandstone blocks that make up walls of the structure, which were each tilted at precise, millimetre-scale angles. The researchers suggest that this construction shows that the Neolithic people who built the dolmen had a working understanding of physics, geometry, geology and architectural principles.

    Nature News: Stone Age builders had engineering savvy, finds study of 6,000-year-old monument

    12:28 Spider makes fireflies flash as bait

    Orb-weaving spiders (Araneus ventricosus) use ensnared male Absocondita terminalis fireflies to trick more insects into their web. A bite from the spider causes the flashing pattern of the trapped firefly to shift to one resembling a female looking to mate, leading others into an ambush. Exactly how this system works is unclear, but researchers say it is a rare example of a predator altering the behaviour of its prey to catch others.

    Science: Spiders force male fireflies to flash like females—luring more males to their death

    16:35 The physics of paper cuts

    By combining experiments and theoretical work, a team has unravelled the mystery of why only certain types of paper can cut into human skin. Their work shows that paper that is too thin will buckle without cutting, whereas paper that’s too thick will distribute force over a relatively large area without inflicting damage. The research suggests that the sweet spot for slicing is paper with around 65 micrometres in thickness, which includes the kind used to print certain high-profile journals …

    Research Highlight: What Science and Nature are good for: causing paper cuts

    Subscribe to Nature Briefing, an unmissable daily round-up of science news, opinion and analysis free in your inbox every weekday.

    Never miss an episode. Subscribe to the Nature Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, YouTube Music or your favourite podcast app. An RSS feed for the Nature Podcast is available too.

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  • Neolithic engineers used scientific knowledge to build huge megalith

    Neolithic engineers used scientific knowledge to build huge megalith

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    The interior of the monument, called the Menga dolmen

    The interior of the monument in Spain known as the Menga dolmen

    Miguel Ángel Blanco de la Rubia

    Neolithic people seem to have understood sophisticated concepts in science, such as physics and geology, using this knowledge to construct a megalithic monument in southern Spain.

    Called the Menga dolmen, it is among the earliest European megaliths, dating to between 3600 and 3800 BC. Its roofed enclosure was constructed from 32 large stones, some of which are the biggest used in such structures. The heaviest one weighs in excess of 130 tonnes, more than three times as much as the heaviest stone at Stonehenge in the UK, which was erected more than 1000 years later.

    “[In the Neolithic Period], it must have been very powerful to experience this building made with these enormous stones,” says Leonardo García Sanjuán at the University of Seville in Spain. “It still stirs you. It still causes an impression even today.”

    García Sanjuán and his colleagues have now performed detailed geological and archaeological analyses of the stones to infer what knowledge Menga’s builders would have needed to construct the monument, which is in the city of Antequera.

    Paradoxically, they found that the rocks are a type of relatively fragile sandstone. While this means a greater risk of breaking, the team discovered that this was compensated for by shaping the stones so they locked into a very stable overall structure.

    Neolithic people would have needed some way to make the blocks fit very tightly together, says Garcia Sanjuán. “It’s like Tetris,” he says. “If you look at the precision involved and how well each stone locks with each other, you have to think that they had an idea of angles, however rudimentary.”

    The researchers also found that the 130-tonne stone, which was placed horizontally on top to form part of the roof, had been shaped so that its surface rises in the centre and declines towards the edges. This distributes force in a similar way to an arch, improving the roof’s strength, says García Sanjuán. “To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the principle of the arch has been documented in human history.”

    Menga – whose purpose is unknown – is also aligned to produce distinct patterns of light in the interior during the summer solstice and has stones that are protected from water damage by several layers of carefully beaten clay, which adds to evidence supporting the builders’ knowledge around architecture and engineering.

    “They knew about geology and the properties of the rocks they were using,” says García Sanjuán. “When you put all this together – you know, engineering, physics, geology, geometry, astronomy – it is something we can call science.”

    There are Neolithic structures in France that rival Menga in size, but how they were built is less well understood, says García Sanjuán. “As it stands today, Menga is unique in Iberia and in western Europe.”

    “What’s surprising about this is the level of sophistication,” says Susan Greaney at the University of Exeter, UK. “The architectural understanding of how the weight distribution works, I’ve not seen that anywhere else before.” But she adds that this is perhaps less a demonstration of an understanding of science than of architecture and engineering.

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  • Neolithic engineers used science knowledge to build megalith monument

    Neolithic engineers used science knowledge to build megalith monument

    [ad_1]

    The interior of the monument, called the Menga dolmen

    The interior of the monument in Spain known as the Menga dolmen

    Miguel Ángel Blanco de la Rubia

    Neolithic people seem to have understood sophisticated concepts in science, such as physics and geology, using this knowledge to construct a megalithic monument in southern Spain.

    Called the Menga dolmen, it is among the earliest of such structures, dating to between 3600 and 3800 BC. Its roofed enclosure was constructed from 32 large stones, some of which are the biggest used in such structures. The heaviest one weighs in excess of 130 tonnes, more than three times as much as the heaviest stone at Stonehenge in the UK, which was erected more than 1000 years later.

    “[In the Neolithic Period], it must have been very powerful to experience this building made with these enormous stones,” says Leonardo García Sanjuán at the University of Seville in Spain. “It still stirs you. It still causes an impression even today.”

    García Sanjuán and his colleagues have now performed detailed geological and archaeological analyses of the stones to infer what knowledge Menga’s builders would have needed to construct the monument, which is in the city of Antequera.

    Paradoxically, they found that the rocks are a type of relatively fragile sandstone. While this means a greater risk of breaking, the team discovered that this was compensated for by shaping the stones so they locked into a very stable overall structure.

    Neolithic people would have needed some way to make the blocks fit very tightly together, says Garcia Sanjuán. “It’s like Tetris,” he says. “If you look at the precision involved and how well each stone locks with each other, you have to think that they had an idea of angles, however rudimentary.”

    The researchers also found that the 130-tonne stone, which was placed horizontally on top to form part of the roof, had been shaped so that its surface rises in the centre and declines towards the edges. This distributes force in a similar way to an arch, improving the roof’s strength, says García Sanjuán. “To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the principle of the arch has been documented in human history.”

    Menga – whose purpose is unknown – is also aligned to produce distinct patterns of light in the interior during the summer solstice and has stones that are protected from water damage by several layers of carefully beaten clay, which adds to evidence supporting the builders’ knowledge around architecture and engineering.

    “They knew about geology and the properties of the rocks they were using,” says García Sanjuán. “When you put all this together – you know, engineering, physics, geology, geometry, astronomy – it is something we can call science.”

    There are Neolithic structures in France that rival Menga in size, but how they were built is less well understood, says García Sanjuán. “As it stands today, Menga is unique in Iberia and in western Europe.”

    “What’s surprising about this is the level of sophistication,” says Susan Greaney at the University of Exeter, UK. “The architectural understanding of how the weight distribution works, I’ve not seen that anywhere else before.” But she adds that this is perhaps less a demonstration of an understanding of science than of architecture and engineering.

    Article amended on 27 August 2024

    The headline and second paragraph of this article have been changed to correctly refer to the monument that was constructed.

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