Dark Mode Light Mode
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.

Denisovans from southwestern China and their subsistence strategies

Denisovans from southwestern China and their subsistence strategies Denisovans from southwestern China and their subsistence strategies


  • Krause, J. et al. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature 464, 894–897 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reich, D. et al. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468, 1053–1060 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Meyer, M. et al. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 338, 222–226 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen, F. et al. A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau. Nature 569, 409–412 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, D. et al. Denisovan DNA in late Pleistocene sediments from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau. Science 370, 584–587 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Demeter, F. et al. A Middle Pleistocene Denisovan molar from the Annamite Chain of northern Laos. Nat. Commun. 13, 2557 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tsutaya, T. et al. A male Denisovan mandible from Pleistocene Taiwan. Science 388, 176–180 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fu, Q. et al. The proteome of the late Middle Pleistocene Harbin individual. Science 389, 704–707 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fu, Q. et al. Denisovan mitochondrial DNA from dental calculus of the >146,000-year-old Harbin cranium. Cell 188, 3919–3926 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rao, H. et al. Ancient proteins identify various Denisovan remains from Southwest China. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10976-9 (2026).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Slon, V. et al. A fourth Denisovan individual. Sci. Adv. 3, e1700186 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xia, H. et al. Middle and Late Pleistocene Denisovan subsistence at Baishiya Karst Cave. Nature 632, 108–113 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Larena, M. et al. Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world. Curr. Biol. 31, 4219–4230 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Reich, D. et al. Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 89, 516–528 (2011).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Sawyer, S. et al. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 15696–15700 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Slon, V. et al. The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature 561, 113–116 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Massilani, D. et al. Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians. Science 370, 579–583 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ongaro, L. & Huerta-Sanchez, E. A history of multiple Denisovan introgression events in modern humans. Nat. Genet. 56, 2612–2622 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peyrégne, S., Slon, V. & Kelso, J. More than a decade of genetic research on the Denisovans. Nat. Rev. Genet. 25, 83–103 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brown, S. et al. The earliest Denisovans and their cultural adaptation. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 28–35 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chang, C.-H. et al. The first archaic Homo from Taiwan. Nat. Commun. 6, 6037 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jacobs, Z. et al. Pleistocene chronology and history of hominins and fauna at Denisova Cave. Nat. Commun. 16, 4738 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Douka, K. et al. Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565, 640–644 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shunkov, M. V., Kozlikin, M. B. & Derevianko, A. P. Dynamics of the Altai Paleolithic industries in the archaeological record of Denisova Cave. Quat. Int. 559, 34–46 (2020).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zavala, E. I. et al. Pleistocene sediment DNA reveals hominin and faunal turnovers at Denisova Cave. Nature 595, 399–403 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zilhão, J., d’Errico, F., Banks, W. E. & Teyssandier, N. A data-driven paradigm shift for the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic transition and the Neandertal debate. Quat. Environ. Hum. 2, 100037 (2024).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Browning, S. R., Browning, B. L., Zhou, Y., Tucci, S. & Akey, J. M. Analysis of human sequence data reveals two pulses of archaic Denisovan admixture. Cell 173, 53–61 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jacobs, G. S. et al. Multiple deeply divergent Denisovan ancestries in Papuans. Cell 177, 1010–1021 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Choin, J. et al. Genomic insights into population history and biological adaptation in Oceania. Nature 592, 583–589 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Grün, R. Direct dating of human fossils. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 131, 2–48 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol. 20, PA1003 (2005).

    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cheng, H. et al. The Asian monsoon over the past 640,000 years and ice age termination. Nature 534, 640–646 (2016).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • AlQahtani, S. J., Hector, M. P. & Liversidge, H. M. Brief communication: the London atlas of human tooth development and eruption. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 142, 481–490 (2010).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kaifu, Y. et al. Taxonomic affinities and evolutionary history of the early Pleistocene hominids of Java: dentognathic evidence. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 128, 709–726 (2005).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xing, S., Martinón-Torres, M. & Bermúdez de Castro, J. M. The fossil teeth of the Peking Man. Sci Rep. 8, 2066 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Martinón-Torres, M. et al. Hominin lower second premolar morphology: evolutionary inferences through geometric morphometric analysis. J. Hum. Evol. 50, 523–533 (2006).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Martinón-Torres, M., Bermúdez de Castro, J. M., Gómez-Robles, A., Prado-Simón, L. & Arsuaga, J. L. Morphological description and comparison of the dental remains from Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos site (Spain). J. Hum. Evol. 62, 7–58 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu, X.-J. et al. Archaic human remains from Hualongdong, China, and Middle Pleistocene human continuity and variation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 9820–9824 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bailey, S. E. A closer look at Neanderthal postcanine dental morphology: the mandibular dentition. Anat. Rec. 269, 148–156 (2002).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Weidenreich, F. The skull of Sinanthropus pekinensis: a comparative study on a primitive hominid skull. Paleontol. Sin. Ser. D 10, 43–52 (1943).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu, R., Wu, X. & Zhang, S. Early Humankind in China (Science Press, 1989).

  • Wu, X. Middle Pleistocene Human Skull from Dali, China (Science Press, 2020).

  • Bae, C. J. & Wu, X. Making sense of eastern Asian Late Quaternary hominin variability. Nat. Commun. 15, 9479 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Trinkaus, E. & Churchill, S. E. Neandertal radial tuberosity orientation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 75, 15–21 (1988).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Carretero, J. M., Lorenzo, C. & Arsuaga, J. L. Axial and appendicular skeleton of Homo antecessor. J. Hum. Evol. 37, 459–499 (1999).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rodríguez, L., García-González, R., Arsuaga, J. L. & Carretero, J.-M. Uncovering the adult morphology of the forearm bones from the Sima de los Huesos Site in Atapuerca (Spain), with comments on biomechanical features. Anat. Rec. 307, 2550–2574 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kuhn, S. L. A geometric index of reduction for unifacial stone tools. J. Archaeol. Sci. 17, 583–593 (1990).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Xiao, X., Shen, J., Wang, S., Xiao, H. & Tong, G. Palynological evidence for vegetational and climatic changes from the HQ deep drilling core in Yunnan Province, China. Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci. 50, 1189–1201 (2007).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • An, Z. et al. Glacial-interglacial Indian summer monsoon dynamics. Science 333, 719–723 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bradfield, J. & Langley, M. C. Bone tool diversity during the stone age: more insights into the human story. J. Archaeol. Res. 34, 151–205 (2026).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Richards, D. A. & Dorale, J. A. Uranium-series chronology and environmental applications of speleothems. Rev Mineral. Geochem. 52, 407–460 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cheng, H. et al. Improvements in 230Th dating, 230Th and 234U half-life values, and U–Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 371–372, 82–91 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Douville, E. et al. Rapid and accurate U–Th dating of ancient carbonates using inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Chem. Geol. 272, 1–11 (2010).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jin, M. et al. High-precision MC-ICP-MS static measurements of uranium isotopes using Faraday cups. Chin. Sci. Bull. 67, 2651–2661 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shao, Q.-F. et al. Interactive programs of MC-ICPMS data processing for 230Th/U geochronology. Quat. Geochronol. 51, 43–52 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Holden, N. E. Total half-lives for selected nuclides. Pure Appl. Chem. 62, 941–958 (1990).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Goldstein, S. J., Murrell, M. T. & Janecky, D. R. Th and U isotopic systematics of basalts from the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Ridges by mass spectrometry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 96, 134–146 (1989).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Huntley, D. J., Godfrey-Smith, D. I. & Thewalt, M. L. W. Optical dating of sediments. Nature 313, 105–107 (1985).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wintle, A. G. Luminescence dating: laboratory procedures and protocols. Radiat. Meas. 27, 769–817 (1997).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aitken, M. J. Thermoluminescence Dating (Academic Press, 1985).

  • Liritzis, I., Stamoulis, K., Papachristodoulou, C. & Ioannides, K. A re-evaluation of radiation dose-rate conversion factors. Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom. 13, 1–15 (2013).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Brennan, B. J. Beta doses to spherical grains. Radiat. Meas. 37, 299–303 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bøtter-Jensen, L., Bulur, E., Duller, G. A. T. & Murray, A. S. Advances in luminescence instrument systems. Radiat. Meas. 32, 523–528 (2000).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bøtter-Jensen, L., Andersen, C. E., Duller, G. A. T. & Murray, A. S. Developments in radiation, stimulation and observation facilities in luminescence measurements. Radiat. Meas. 37, 535–541 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Roberts, R. G., Galbraith, R. F., Olley, J. M., Yoshida, H. & Laslett, G. M. Optical dating of single and multiple grains of quartz from Jinmium rock shelter, northern Australia: part II, results and implications. Archaeometry 41, 365–395 (1999).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Murray, A. S. & Wintle, A. G. Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol. Radiat. Meas. 32, 57–73 (2000).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li, B., Jacobs, Z. L., Roberts, R. G., Galbraith, R. F. & Peng, J. Variability in quartz OSL signals caused by measurement uncertainties: problems and solutions. Quat. Geochronol. 41, 11–25 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Li, B., Jacobs, Z. & Roberts, R. G. A Bayesian hierarchical age model for optical dating of single grains of quartz. Quat. Geochronol. 77, 101455 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Faegri, K. & Iversen, J. Textbook of Pollen Analysis (Wiley, 1989).

  • Grimm, E. C. CONISS: a FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares. Comput. Geosci. 13, 13–35 (1987).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Prentice, C., Guiot, J., Huntley, B., Jolly, D. & Cheddadi, R. Reconstructing biomes from palaeoecological data: a general method and its application to European pollen data at 0 and 6 ka. Clim. Dyn. 12, 185–194 (1996).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Turner, C. G., Nichol, C. R. & Scott, G. R. in Advances in Dental Anthropology (eds Kelley, M. A. & Larsen, C. S.) 13–31 (Wiley-Liss, 1991).

  • Bône, A. Louis, M., Martin, B. & Durrleman, S. Deformetrica 4: an open-source software for statistical shape analysis. In Proc. International Workshop on Shape in Medical Imaging vol. 11167 (eds Reuter, M. et al.) 3–13 (Springer, 2018).

  • Jean, D. R Tools for Deformetrica: R script for Deformetrica ouput. R package version 0.1. gitlab.com https://gitlab.com/jeandumoncel/tools-for-deformetrica (2020).

  • Dray, S. & Dufour, A.-B. The ade4 package: implementing the duality diagram for ecologists. J. Stat. Softw. 22, 1–20 https://doi.org/10.18637/JSS.V022.I04 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schlager, S. in Statistical Shape and Deformation Analysis (eds Zheng, G. et al.) 217–256 (Academic Press, 2017).

  • R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. http://www.R-project.org/ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2021).

  • Warnes, G., Bolker, B. & Lumley, T. gtools: various R programming tools. R package v.3.9.2. GitHub https://github.com/r-gregmisc/gtools (2021).

  • Schäfer, T. free surfer formats: Read and Write ‘Free Surfer’ Neuroimaging File Formats. R package v.0.1.15. GitHub https://github.com/dfsp-spirit/freesurferformats (2021).

  • Clay, R. B. Typological classification, attribute analysis, and lithic variability. J Field Archaeol. 3, 303–311 (1976).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Andrefsky, W. Jr. Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).

  • Tafelmaier, Y., Bataille, G., Schmid, V., Taller, A. & Will, M. in Methods for the Analysis of Stone Artefacts: An Overview (eds Tafelmaier, Y. et al.) 5-13 (Springer, 2023).

  • Sellet, F. Chaîne opératoire; the concept and its applications. Lithic Technol. 18, 106–112 (1993).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Debénath, A. & Dibble, H. L. Handbook of Paleolithic Typology: Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe (Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 1994).

  • Hiscock, P. & Attenbrow, V. J. Early Australian implement variation: a reduction model. J. Archaeol. Sci. 30, 239–249 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Anderson, M. J. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral. Ecol. 26, 32–46 (2001).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Anderson, M. J. Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics 62, 245–253 (2006).

    Article 
    ADS 
    MathSciNet 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. https://www.R-project.org (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2024).

  • R Studio Team. RStudio: integrated development environment for R. RStudio http://www.rstudio.com (PBC, 2021).

  • Oksanen, J. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package v.2.6–4. https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.vegan (2024).

  • Pales, L., Lambert, C. & Garcia, M. A. Atlas Ostéologique Pour Servir à l’Identification des Mammifères du Quaternaire (CNRS, 1971).

  • O’Connor, T. The Archaeology of Animal Bones (Texas A&M Univ. Press, 2000).

  • Reitz, E. J. & Wing, E. S. Zooarchaeology 2nd edn (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008).

  • France, D. L. Comparative Bone Identification: Human Subadult to Nonhuman (CRC Press, 2017).

  • Morin, E., Beauval, C., Boileau, A., Ready, E. & Laroulandie, V. The number of distinct elements: extending a landmark-based counting unit to other taxa. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 24, 773–784 (2019).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Brain, C. K. The Hunters or the Hunted: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy (Univ. Chicago Press, 1983).

  • Discamps, E. & Costamagno, S. Improving mortality profile analysis in zooarchaeology: a revised zoning for ternary diagrams. J. Archaeol. Sci. 58, 62–76 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Villa, P. & Mahieu, E. Breakage patterns of human long bones. J. Hum. Evol. 21, 27–48 (1991).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vettese, D. et al. A way to break bones? The weight of intuitiveness. PLoS ONE 16, e0259136 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Behrensmeyer, A. K. Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering. Paleobiology 4, 150–162 (1978).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fernández-Jalvo, Y. & Andrews, P. Atlas of Taphonomic Identifications, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. (Springer, 2016).

  • Fisher, J. W. Jr. Bone surface modifications in zooarchaeology. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 2, 7–68 (1995).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cáceres, I. Tafonomía de Yacimientos Antrópicos en Karst. Complejo Galería (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos), Vanguard Cave (Gibraltar) y Abric Romani (Capellades, Barcelona). PhD dissertation, Univ. Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (2002).

  • Lyman, R. L. Vertebrate Taphonomy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994).

  • Abrams, G. et al. Earliest evidence of Neanderthal multifunctional bone tool production from cave lion (Panthera spelaea) remains. Sci. Rep. 15, 24010 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Patou-Mathis, M. (ed.) Retouchoirs, Compresseurs, Percuteurs … Os à Impressions et Éraillures. In Fiches de la Commission de Nomenclature sur l’Industrie de l’Os Préhistorique. Cahier X (Éditions de la Société Préhistorique Française, 2002).

  • Selvaggio, M. M. & Wilder, J. Identifying the involvement of multiple carnivore taxa with archaeological bone assemblages. J. Archaeol. Sci. 28, 465–470 (2001).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pobiner, B. Paleoecological information in predator tooth marks. J. Taphonomy 6, 373–397 (2008).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Andrés, M., Gidna, A. O., Yravedra, J. & Domínguez-Rodrigo, M. A study of dimensional differences of tooth marks (pits and scores) on bones modified by small and large carnivores. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 4, 209–219 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pei, W. The Upper Cave fauna of Choukoutien. Palaeontol. Sin. Ser. C 10, 1–101 (1940).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Soulier, M.-C. & Costamagno, S. Let the cutmarks speak! Experimental butchery to reconstruct carcass processing. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 11, 782–802 (2017).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Costamagno, S., Soulier, M.-C., Val, A. & Chong, S. Le référentiel de stries de boucherie. Palethnologie 10, 195–291 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     



  • Source link

    Keep Up to Date with the Most Important News

    By pressing the Subscribe button, you confirm that you have read and are agreeing to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use
    Add a comment Add a comment

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    Previous Post
    Pick up the phone! Phone calls with tutors keep kids learning when schools shut down

    Pick up the phone! Phone calls with tutors keep kids learning when schools shut down

    Next Post
    Electric charge makes drops of water more destructive

    Electric charge makes drops of water more destructive

    Advertisement