Devane, W. A., Dysarz, F. A., Johnson, M. R., Melvin, L. S. & Howlett, A. C. Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 34, 605–613 (1988).
Herkenham, M. et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1932–1936 (1990).
Devane, W. A. et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258, 1946–1949 (1992).
Stella, N., Schweitzer, P. & Piomelli, D. A second endogenous cannabinoid that modulates long-term potentiation. Nature 388, 773–778 (1997).
Munro, S., Thomas, K. L. & Abu-Shaar, M. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365, 61–65 (1993).
Wilson, R. I. & Nicoll, R. A. Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signalling at hippocampal synapses. Nature 410, 588–592 (2001).
Kano, M., Ohno-Shosaku, T., Hashimotodani, Y., Uchigashima, M. & Watanabe, M. Endocannabinoid-mediated control of synaptic transmission. Physiol. Rev. 89, 309–380 (2009).
Kano, M. Control of synaptic function by endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde signaling. Proc. Jpn Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 90, 235–250 (2014).
Kreitzer, A. C. & Regehr, W. G. Retrograde inhibition of presynaptic calcium influx by endogenous cannabinoids at excitatory synapses onto Purkinje cells. Neuron 29, 717–727 (2001).
Horne, S. J., Topp, T. E. & Quigley, L. Depression and the willingness to expend cognitive and physical effort for rewards: a systematic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 88, 102065 (2021).
Volkow, N. D. & Morales, M. The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction. Cell 162, 712–725 (2015).
Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C. The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. Addiction 95, S91–S117 (2000).
Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res. Rev. 18, 247–291 (1993).
Purcell, J. R. et al. A review of risky decision-making in psychosis-spectrum disorders. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 91, 102112 (2022).
Hikida, T., Morita, M. & Macpherson, T. Neural mechanisms of the nucleus accumbens circuit in reward and aversive learning. Neurosci. Res. 108, 1–5 (2016).
Scofield, M. D. et al. The nucleus accumbens: mechanisms of addiction across drug classes reflect the importance of glutamate homeostasis. Pharmacol. Rev. 68, 816–871 (2016).
Castro, D. C. & Bruchas, M. R. A motivational and neuropeptidergic hub: anatomical and functional diversity within the nucleus accumbens shell. Neuron 102, 529–552 (2019).
Al-Hasani, R. et al. Distinct subpopulations of nucleus accumbens dynorphin neurons drive aversion and reward. Neuron 87, 1063–1077 (2015).
Cooper, S., Robison, A. J. & Mazei-Robison, M. S. Reward circuitry in addiction. Neurotherapeutics 14, 687–697 (2017).
Nieh, E. H., Kim, S.-Y., Namburi, P. & Tye, K. M. Optogenetic dissection of neural circuits underlying emotional valence and motivated behaviors. Brain Res. 1511, 73–92 (2013).
Floresco, S. B. The nucleus accumbens: an interface between cognition, emotion, and action. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 66, 25–52 (2015).
Richard, J. M., Castro, D. C., DiFeliceantonio, A. G., Robinson, M. J. F. & Berridge, K. C. Mapping brain circuits of reward and motivation: in the footsteps of Ann Kelley. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1919–1931 (2013).
Christoffel, D. J. et al. Input-specific modulation of murine nucleus accumbens differentially regulates hedonic feeding. Nat. Commun. 12, 2135 (2021).
Reed, S. J. et al. Coordinated reductions in excitatory input to the nucleus accumbens underlie food consumption. Neuron 99, 1260–1273.e4 (2018).
Lafferty, C. K., Yang, A. K., Mendoza, J. A. & Britt, J. P. Nucleus accumbens cell type- and input-specific suppression of unproductive reward seeking. Cell Rep. 30, 3729–3742.e3 (2020).
Deroche, M. A., Lassalle, O., Castell, L., Valjent, E. & Manzoni, O. J. Cell-type- and endocannabinoid-specific synapse connectivity in the adult nucleus accumbens core. J. Neurosci. 40, 1028–1041 (2020).
Folkes, O. M. et al. An endocannabinoid-regulated basolateral amygdala–nucleus accumbens circuit modulates sociability. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 1728–1742 (2020).
Mateo, Y. et al. Endocannabinoid actions on cortical terminals orchestrate local modulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Neuron 96, 1112–1126.e5 (2017).
Wenzel, J. M. et al. Phasic dopamine signals in the nucleus accumbens that cause active avoidance require endocannabinoid mobilization in the midbrain. Curr. Biol. 28, 1392–1404.e5 (2018).
Kondev, V. et al. Synaptic and cellular endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms regulate stress-induced plasticity of nucleus accumbens somatostatin neurons. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2300585120 (2023).
Penzo, M. A. & Gao, C. The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus: an integrative node underlying homeostatic behavior. Trends Neurosci. 44, 538–549 (2021).
Zhou, K. & Zhu, Y. The paraventricular thalamic nucleus: a key hub of neural circuits underlying drug addiction. Pharmacol. Res. 142, 70–76 (2019).
Dong, A. et al. A fluorescent sensor for spatiotemporally resolved imaging of endocannabinoid dynamics in vivo. Nat. Biotech. 40, 787–798 (2022).
Beas, S. et al. Dissociable encoding of motivated behavior by parallel thalamo-striatal projections. Curr. Biol. 34, 1549–1560.e3 (2024).
Gao, C. et al. Two genetically, anatomically and functionally distinct cell types segregate across anteroposterior axis of paraventricular thalamus. Nat. Neurosci. 23, 217–228 (2020).
Do-Monte, F. H., Minier-Toribio, A., Quiñones-Laracuente, K., Medina-Colón, E. M. & Quirk, G. J. Thalamic regulation of sucrose seeking during unexpected reward omission. Neuron 94, 388–400.e4 (2017).
Paniccia, J. E. et al. Restoration of a paraventricular thalamo-accumbal behavioral suppression circuit prevents reinstatement of heroin seeking. Neuron https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.024 (2023).
Yao, Z. et al. A high-resolution transcriptomic and spatial atlas of cell types in the whole mouse brain. Nature 624, 317–332 (2023).
Lein, E. S. et al. Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain. Nature 445, 168–176 (2007).
Petreanu, L., Huber, D., Sobczyk, A. & Svoboda, K. Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping of long-range callosal projections. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 663–668 (2007).
Gunduz-Cinar, O. et al. A cortico-amygdala neural substrate for endocannabinoid modulation of fear extinction. Neuron 111, 3053–3067.e10 (2023).
Hunker, A. C. et al. Conditional single vector CRISPR/SaCas9 viruses for efficient mutagenesis in the adult mouse nervous system. Cell Rep. 30, 4303–4316.e6 (2020).
Schiffmann, S. N. & Vanderhaeghen, J. J. Adenosine A2 receptors regulate the gene expression of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons. J. Neurosci. 13, 1080–1087 (1993).
Pereira, T. D. et al. SLEAP: a deep learning system for multi-animal pose tracking. Nat. Methods 19, 486–495 (2022).
Lobo, M. K. et al. Cell type-specific loss of BDNF signaling mimics optogenetic control of cocaine reward. Science 330, 385–390 (2010).
Guillaumin, M. C. C., Viskaitis, P., Bracey, E., Burdakov, D. & Peleg-Raibstein, D. Disentangling the role of NAc D1 and D2 cells in hedonic eating. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 3531–3547 (2023).
Walle, R. et al. Nucleus accumbens D1- and D2-expressing neurons control the balance between feeding and activity-mediated energy expenditure. Nat. Commun. 15, 2543 (2024).
Domingues, A. V. et al. Dynamic representation of appetitive and aversive stimuli in nucleus accumbens shell D1- and D2-medium spiny neurons. Nat. Commun. 16, 59 (2025).
Pedersen, C. E. et al. Medial accumbens shell spiny projection neurons encode relative reward preference. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.18.508426 (2024).
Zingg, B., Dong, H.-W., Tao, H. W. & Zhang, L. I. Application of AAV1 for anterograde transsynaptic circuit mapping and input-dependent neuronal cataloging. Curr. Protoc. 2, e339 (2022).
Zingg, B., Peng, B., Huang, J., Tao, H. W. & Zhang, L. I. Synaptic specificity and application of anterograde transsynaptic AAV for probing neural circuitry. J. Neurosci. 40, 3250–3267 (2020).
Xiao, X. et al. A genetically defined compartmentalized striatal direct pathway for negative reinforcement. Cell 183, 211–227.e20 (2020).
Li, H. et al. Neurotensin orchestrates valence assignment in the amygdala. Nature 608, 586–592 (2022).
Alsammani, A., Stacey, W. C. & Gliske, S. V. Estimation of circular statistics in the presence of measurement bias. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 28, 1089–1100 (2024).
Arski, O. N. et al. Epilepsy disrupts hippocampal phase precision and impairs working memory. Epilepsia 63, 2583–2596 (2022).
Vinck, M., Battaglia, F. P., Womelsdorf, T. & Pennartz, C. Improved measures of phase-coupling between spikes and the local field potential. J. Comput. Neurosci. 33, 53–75 (2012).
Valentino, R. J. & Volkow, N. D. Cannabis and cannabinoid signaling: research gaps and opportunities. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 391, 154–158 (2024).
Lutz, B. Neurobiology of cannabinoid receptor signaling. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 22, 207–222 (2020).
Dudok, B. et al. Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at inhibitory synapses in vivo. Science 383, 967–970 (2024).
Zhao, Z. et al. Cannabinoids regulate an insula circuit controlling water intake. Curr. Biol. 34, 1918–1929.e5 (2024).
Planert, H., Berger, T. K. & Silberberg, G. Membrane properties of striatal direct and indirect pathway neurons in mouse and rat slices and their modulation by dopamine. PLoS ONE 8, e57054 (2013).
Kawaguchi, Y. Physiological, morphological, and histochemical characterization of three classes of interneurons in rat neostriatum. J. Neurosci. 13, 4908–4923 (1993).
Parker, K. E. et al. A paranigral VTA nociceptin circuit that constrains motivation for reward. Cell 178, 653–671.e19 (2019).
Machado, A. S., Darmohray, D. M., Fayad, J., Marques, H. G. & Carey, M. R. A quantitative framework for whole-body coordination reveals specific deficits in freely walking ataxic mice. eLife 4, e07892 (2015).
Zhou, P. et al. Efficient and accurate extraction of in vivo calcium signals from microendoscopic video data. eLife 7, e28728 (2018).
Resendez, S. L. et al. Visualization of cortical, subcortical and deep brain neural circuit dynamics during naturalistic mammalian behavior with head-mounted microscopes and chronically implanted lenses. Nat. Protoc. 11, 566–597 (2016).
Sheintuch, L. et al. Tracking the same neurons across multiple days in Ca2+ imaging data. Cell Rep. 21, 1102–1115 (2017).