Dark Mode Light Mode
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.
Join us on a journey where chemistry meets creativity, and the wonders of science unfold. Quench your intellectual thirst with thought-provoking articles that transcend the boundaries of conventional knowledge.

Food web complexity underlies biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning

Food web complexity underlies biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning Food web complexity underlies biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning


  • Benayas, J. M. R., Newton, A. C., Diaz, A. & Bullock, J. M. Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: a meta-analysis. Science 325, 1121–1124 (2009).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cardinale, B. J. et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486, 59–67 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Isbell, F. et al. Linking the influence and dependence of people on biodiversity across scales. Nature 546, 65–72 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Duffy, J. E., Godwin, C. M. & Cardinale, B. J. Biodiversity effects in the wild are common and as strong as key drivers of productivity. Nature 549, 261–264 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chen, C., Xiao, W. & Chen, H. Y. H. Meta-analysis reveals global variations in plant diversity effects on productivity. Nature 638, 435–440 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Eisenhauer, N. et al. A multitrophic perspective on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research. Adv. Ecol. Res. 61, 1–54 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thompson, R. M., Hemberg, M., Starzomski, B. M. & Shurin, J. B. Trophic Levels and trophic tangles: the prevalence of omnivory in real food webs. Ecology 88, 612–617 (2007).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barnes, A. D. et al. Energy flux: the link between multitrophic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Trends Ecol. Evol. 33, 186–197 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wang, S. & Brose, U. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in food webs: the vertical diversity hypothesis. Ecol. Lett. 21, 9–20 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Poisot, T., Mouquet, N. & Gravel, D. Trophic complementarity drives the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship in food webs. Ecol. Lett. 16, 853–861 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Albert, G., Gauzens, B., Loreau, M., Wang, S. & Brose, U. The hidden role of multi-trophic interactions in driving diversity–productivity relationships. Ecol. Lett. 25, 405–415 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Estes, J. A. et al. Trophic downgrading of planet Earth. Science 333, 301–306 (2011).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tye, S. P., Fey, S. B., Gibert, J. P. & Siepielski, A. M. Predator mass mortality events restructure food webs through trophic decoupling. Nature 626, 335–340 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dirzo, R. et al. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345, 401–406 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hirt, M. R. et al. Environmental and anthropogenic constraints on animal space use drive extinction risk worldwide. Ecol. Lett. 24, 2576–2585 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ceballos, G. et al. Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400253 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Blowes, S. A. et al. The geography of biodiversity change in marine and terrestrial assemblages. Science 366, 339–345 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dornelas, M. et al. Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss. Science 344, 296–299 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Duffy, J. E. Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real-world ecosystems. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7, 437–444 (2009).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jochum, M. et al. The results of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments are realistic. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1485–1494 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Manning, P. et al. in Advances in Ecological Research vol. 61 (eds Eisenhauer, N. et al.) Ch. 3, 323–356 (Academic, 2019).

  • Duffy, J. E. et al. The functional role of biodiversity in ecosystems: incorporating trophic complexity. Ecol. Lett. 10, 522–538 (2007).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hines, J. et al. in Advances in Ecological Research vol. 53 (eds Woodward, G. & Bohan, D. A.) Ch. 4, 161–199 (Academic, 2015).

  • Reiss, J., Bridle, J. R., Montoya, J. M. & Woodward, G. Emerging horizons in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 505–514 (2009).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thompson, R. M. et al. Food webs: reconciling the structure and function of biodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 689–697 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thébault, E. & Loreau, M. The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in food webs. Ecol. Res. 21, 17–25 (2006).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Maureaud, A., Andersen, K. H., Zhang, L. & Lindegren, M. Trait-based food web model reveals the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. J. Anim. Ecol. 89, 1497–1510 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Montoya, J. M., Rodríguez, M. A. & Hawkins, B. A. Food web complexity and higher-level ecosystem services. Ecol. Lett. 6, 587–593 (2003).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Srivastava, D. S. & Bell, T. Reducing horizontal and vertical diversity in a foodweb triggers extinctions and impacts functions. Ecol. Lett. 12, 1016–1028 (2009).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wu, D., Xu, C., Wang, S., Zhang, L. & Kortsch, S. Why are biodiversity—ecosystem functioning relationships so elusive? Trophic interactions may amplify ecosystem function variability. J. Anim. Ecol. 92, 367–376 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhao, Q. et al. Relationships of temperature and biodiversity with stability of natural aquatic food webs. Nat. Commun. 14, 3507 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schneider, F. D., Brose, U., Rall, B. C. & Guill, C. Animal diversity and ecosystem functioning in dynamic food webs. Nat. Commun. 7, 12718 (2016).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ward, C. L. & McCann, K. S. A mechanistic theory for aquatic food chain length. Nat. Commun. 8, 2028 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Post, D. M. The long and short of food-chain length. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17, 269–277 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Oksanen, L., Fretwell, S. D., Arruda, J. & Niemela, P. Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of primary productivity. Am. Nat. 118, 240–261 (1981).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yodzis, P. Energy flow and the vertical structure of real ecosystems. Oecologia 65, 86–88 (1984).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Beauchesne, D., Cazelles, K., Archambault, P., Dee, L. E. & Gravel, D. On the sensitivity of food webs to multiple stressors. Ecol. Lett. 24, 2219–2237 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Laigle, I. et al. Species traits as drivers of food web structure. Oikos 127, 316–326 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tylianakis, J. M. et al. Resource heterogeneity moderates the biodiversity-function relationship in real world ecosystems. PLoS Biol. 6, e122 (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brun, P. et al. The productivity-biodiversity relationship varies across diversity dimensions. Nat. Commun. 10, 5691 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Fine, P. V. A. Ecological and evolutionary drivers of geographic variation in species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 46, 369–392 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barnes, A. D. et al. Consequences of tropical land use for multitrophic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nat. Commun. 5, 5351 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gauzens, B. et al. Fluxweb: an R package to easily estimate energy fluxes in food webs. Methods Ecol. Evol. 10, 270–279 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Burdon, F. J., McIntosh, A. R. & Harding, J. S. Mechanisms of trophic niche compression: evidence from landscape disturbance. J. Anim. Ecol. 89, 730–744 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Strona, G. & Bradshaw, C. J. A. Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change. Sci. Adv. 8, eabn4345 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Barnes, A. D. et al. Biodiversity enhances the multitrophic control of arthropod herbivory. Sci. Adv. 6, eabb6603 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dainese, M. et al. A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production. Sci. Adv. 14, eaax0121 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Glasser, J. W. The role of predation in shaping and maintaining the structure of communities. Am. Nat. 113, 631–641 (1979).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zheng, J. et al. Nematode predation modulates the energetic dynamics of soil micro-food webs with consequences for soil multifunctionality. Soil Biol. Biochem. 212, 110019 (2026).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rooney, N., McCann, K., Gellner, G. & Moore, J. C. Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs. Nature 442, 265–269 (2006).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Neutel, A.-M., Heesterbeek, J. A. P. & de Ruiter, P. C. Stability in real food webs: weak links in long loops. Science 296, 1120–1123 (2002).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Polis, G. A. & Strong, D. R. Food web complexity and community dynamics. Am. Nat. 147, 813–846 (1996).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shurin, J. B. et al. A cross-ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades. Ecol. Lett. 5, 785–791 (2002).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Elmhagen, B., Ludwig, G., Rushton, S. P., Helle, P. & Lindén, H. Top predators, mesopredators and their prey: interference ecosystems along bioclimatic productivity gradients. J. Anim. Ecol. 79, 785–794 (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gordon, C. E., Feit, A., Grüber, J. & Letnic, M. Mesopredator suppression by an apex predator alleviates the risk of predation perceived by small prey. Proc. R. Soc. B 282, 20142870 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Digel, C., Curtsdotter, A., Riede, J., Klarner, B. & Brose, U. Unravelling the complex structure of forest soil food webs: higher omnivory and more trophic levels. Oikos 123, 1157–1172 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Perkins, D. M. et al. Consistent predator-prey biomass scaling in complex food webs. Nat. Commun. 13, 4990 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gutgesell, M. K. et al. On the dynamic nature of omnivory in a changing world. BioScience 72, 416–430 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • De Laender, F. et al. Reintroducing environmental change drivers in biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research. Trends Ecol. Evol. 31, 905–915 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brimacombe, C. et al. Publication-driven consistency in food web structures: implications for comparative ecology. Ecology 106, e4467 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Havens, K. E. Pelagic food web structure in Adirondack Mountain, USA, lakes of varying acidity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50, 149–155 (1993).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Caroni, R., Piscia, R. & Manca, M. Indicators of climate-driven change in long-term zooplankton composition: insights from Lake Maggiore (Italy). Water 17, 511 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brauns, M., Kneis, D., Brabender, M. & Weitere, M. Habitat availability determines food chain length and interaction strength in food webs of a large lowland river. River Res. Appl. 38, 323–333 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hall, R. O. Jr., Wallace, J. B. & Eggert, S. L. Organic matter flow in stream food webs with reduced detrital resource base. Ecology 81, 3445–3463 (2000).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Saito, V. S. et al. Untangling the complex food webs of tropical rainforest streams. J. Anim. Ecol. 93, 1022–1035 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Perkins, D. M. et al. Bending the rules: exploitation of allochthonous resources by a top-predator modifies size-abundance scaling in stream food webs. Ecol. Lett. 21, 1771–1780 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • O’Gorman, E. J. et al. Unexpected changes in community size structure in a natural warming experiment. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 659–663 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gauzens, B., Rall, B. C., Mendonça, V., Vinagre, C. & Brose, U. Biodiversity of intertidal food webs in response to warming across latitudes. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 264–269 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kortsch, S. et al. Disentangling temporal food web dynamics facilitates understanding of ecosystem functioning. J. Anim. Ecol. 90, 1205–1216 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mor, J.-R. et al. Dam regulation and riverine food-web structure in a Mediterranean river. Sci. Total Environ. 625, 301–310 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brose, U. et al. Predator traits determine food-web architecture across ecosystems. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 919–927 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peters, R. H. The Ecological Implications of Body Size (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983).

  • Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M. & West, G. B. Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85, 1771–1789 (2004).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lang, B., Ehnes, R. B., Brose, U. & Rall, B. C. Temperature and consumer type dependencies of energy flows in natural communities. Oikos 126, 1717–1725 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gauzens, B. et al. Fluxweb: estimate energy fluxes in food webs. Methods Ecol. Evol. 10, 270–279 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moore, J. C. & de Ruiter, P. C. Energetic Food Webs: an Analysis of Real and Model Ecosystems (Oxford Univ. Press, 2012).

  • Pinheiro, J., Bates, D. & R Core Team. Nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1.164 (2023).

  • Pinheiro, J. & Bates, D. Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS (Springer Science & Business Media, 2006).

  • Lefcheck, J. S. PiecewiseSEM: piecewise structural equation modelling in R for ecology, evolution, and systematics. Methods Ecol. Evol. 7, 573–579 (2016).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shipley, B. Confirmatory path analysis in a generalized multilevel context. Ecology 90, 363–368 (2009).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Henseler, J., Fassott, G., Dijkstra, T. K. & Wilson, B. Analysing quadratic effects of formative constructs by means of variance-based structural equation modelling. Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 21, 99–112 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2024).

  • Barnes, A., gauzens & B. E. ecodivlab/BEF-in-Food-Webs: BEF in Food Webs code and data. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17728782 (2026).



  • Source link

    Keep Up to Date with the Most Important News

    By pressing the Subscribe button, you confirm that you have read and are agreeing to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use
    Add a comment Add a comment

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

    Previous Post
    As transistors get smaller, electrodes must keep shrinking too

    As transistors get smaller, electrodes must keep shrinking too

    Next Post
    Identification of cross-stage, cross-species malaria CD8+ T cell antigens

    Identification of cross-stage, cross-species malaria CD8+ T cell antigens

    Advertisement