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  • Scientists Say: Rare earth element

    Scientists Say: Rare earth element

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    atom: The basic unit of a chemical element. Atoms are made up of a dense nucleus that contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The nucleus is orbited by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

    catalyst: (v. catalyze) A substance that helps a chemical reaction to proceed faster. Examples include enzymes and elements such as platinum and iridium.

    concentration: (in chemistry) A measurement of how much of one substance has been dissolved into another.

    copper: A metallic chemical element in the same family as silver and gold. Because it is a good conductor of electricity, it is widely used in electronic devices.

    crude oil: Petroleum in the form as it comes out of the ground.

    crust: (in geology) Earth’s outermost surface, usually made from dense, solid rock (in planetary science) the outermost surface of rocky planets, dwarf planets and natural satellites.

    data: Facts and/or statistics collected together for analysis but not necessarily organized in a way that gives them meaning. For digital information (the type stored by computers), those data typically are numbers stored in a binary code, portrayed as strings of zeros and ones.

    electron: A negatively charged particle, usually found orbiting the outer regions of an atom; also, the carrier of electricity within solids.

    element: A building block of some larger structure. (in chemistry) Each of more than one hundred substances for which the smallest unit of each is a single atom. Examples include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, lithium and uranium.

    extract: (v.) To separate one chemical (or component of something) from a complex mix. (noun) A substance, often in concentrated form, that has been removed from some source material. Extracts are often taken from plants (such as spearmint or lavender), flowers and buds (such as roses and cloves), fruit (such as lemons and oranges) or seeds and nuts (such as almonds and pistachios). Such extracts, sometimes used in cooking, often have very strong scents or flavors.

    fiber: Something whose shape resembles a thread or filament.

    field: (in physics) A region in space where certain physical effects operate, such as magnetism (created by a magnetic field), gravity (by a gravitational field), mass (by a Higgs field) or electricity (by an electrical field).

    fMRI: A special type of medical scanning technology for studying brain activity. It uses a strong magnetic field to monitor blood flow in the brain as an individual is performing some task (from reading or viewing pictures to thinking about various spoken words). Tracking areas of elevated blood flow can tell researchers which brain regions are especially active during those activities. (See also, MRI or magnetic resonance imaging)

    hard drive: A device that reads and writes — and hence can store — digital data onto a rigid magnetic disk.

    internet: An electronic communications network. It allows computers anywhere in the world to link into other networks to find information, download files and share data (including pictures).

    laser: A device that generates an intense beam of coherent light of a single color. Lasers are used in drilling and cutting, alignment and guidance, in data storage and in surgery.

    levitate: To seemingly defy the force of gravity by hovering (or floating) in some fluid, especially air, or to make that hovering happen.

    magnet: A material that usually contains iron and whose atoms are arranged so they attract certain metals.

    magnetic field: An area of influence created by certain materials, called magnets, or by the movement of electric charges.

    magnetism: The attractive influence, or force, created by certain materials, called magnets, or by the movement of electric charges.

    metal: Something that conducts electricity well, tends to be shiny (reflective) and is malleable (meaning it can be reshaped with heat and not too much force or pressure).

    neodymium: A chemical element which appears as a soft, silvery metal when it is pure. It is found in some minerals, and can be used to trace the source of mineral grains carried long distances by water or wind. Its scientific symbol is Nd.

    neutron: A subatomic particle carrying no electric charge that is one of the basic pieces of matter. Neutrons belong to the family of particles known as hadrons.

    ore: A naturally formed rock or mineral that contains a metal that can be extracted for some new use.

    rare earths: (in Earth science) These are a group of metal elements that tend to be soft, bendable and chemically reactive.

    recycle: To find new uses for something — or parts of something — that might otherwise be discarded, or treated as waste.

    smartphone: A cell (or mobile) phone that can perform a host of functions, including search for information on the internet.

    technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry — or the devices, processes and systems that result from those efforts.

    tin: A metallic element with the atomic number 50.

    turbine: A device with extended arm-like blades (often curved) to catch a moving fluid — anything from a gas or steam to water — and then convert the energy in that movement into rotary motion. Often that rotary motion will drive a system to generate electricity.

    vibrate: To rhythmically shake or to move continuously and rapidly back and forth.

    wind turbine: A wind-powered device — similar to the type used to mill grain (windmills) long ago — used to generate electricity.

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  • A new technique creates glowing whole-body maps of mice

    A new technique creates glowing whole-body maps of mice

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    A mouse’s entire nervous system lights up in psychedelic hues. Clumps of immune cells attacking tumors give off a ghostly glow. The vessels that make up the body’s sewer system flare brightly. These and other images are shining a new light on the inner workings of mice. These glowing views are possible due to a new imaging technique. It makes imaging a whole body cheaper and faster.

    Researchers described their colorful innovation July 10 in Nature Biotechnology.

    To learn about the inner workings of a body, it helps to be able to see inside. See-through mice have been made before. But existing techniques to image the insides of whole animals can be expensive and time-consuming. Sometimes they don’t even hit the right target.

    An improved technique starts by chemically removing cholesterol from the tissues of dead mice. That cholesterol is an essential part of cell membranes. Taking it out created spongelike holes in tissues — without destroying them. Those holes allowed better use of chemicals that can color, or label, structures of interest.

    Targeted antibodies can move through the holes to reach every corner of the body. They bind to proteins of interest everywhere they reach. Under fluorescent light, they can make targeted parts of the body glow.

    The technique gives scientists an amazingly thorough peek under mouse skin.

    An image of a mouse's lymphatic system. Blue indicates lymphatic vessels and organs that are closest to the camera, while yellow marks ones that are deeper inside the body.
    The wildDISCO imaging technique turns a mouse’s lymphatic system into a kaleidoscope of blues and yellows. Lymphatic vessels and organs that appear blue are closest to the camera. Yellow ones are deeper inside the body.H. Mai et al/Nature Biotechnology 2023

    Called wildDISCO, it can be used to create atlases of the body’s interior. The process is a bit like Google Maps for the body, says Ali Ertürk. He’s a neuroscientist who led the work at Helmholtz Munich, in Germany. In place of cars driving around to record every street, this mapping system uses antibodies. They act as streetlamps to light up cellular landmarks.

    Ertürk’s group first pumped cholesterol-removing chemicals into the hearts and blood vessels of dead mice. This allows liquids to flow through the entire body. The team also added antibodies with fluorescent molecules to “tag” the tissues to which they bound. Then the team made all the tissues transparent by dunking the mouse bodies in more chemicals.

    Those bodies now were ready for their close-ups.

    An image of a mouse with immune cells (pink) clustered inside and near a mouse’s cancer tumors (olive).
    In mice with cancer, the team spotted clumps of immune cells (pink) inside and near tumors (olive). The role that these clusters play in controlling cancer is unclear, but wildDISCO could help scientists investigate. H. Mai et al/Nature Biotechnology 2023

    The researchers collected images to make several maps. One shows the full network of nerves that runs beneath the skin and around organs. Another highlights the lymph system. That’s an open network of organs and vessels that helps fight off pathogens and rid the body of our cells’ wastes.

    Such maps could enable many types of future studies. They might help researchers train artificial intelligence programs to simulate mouse biology. That might even reduce the need for animal experiments, Ertürk says.

    This wildDISCO might guide studies on animals other than mice, adds Yijun Su. He’s an imaging specialist at Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Research Campus. It’s in Ashburn, Va. He suspects a similar “recipe” might work in fruit flies, frogs or other common lab species. If so, he says, scientists might get clearer snapshots of their anatomy, too.

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  • 50 years ago, the quest for superheavy elements was just getting started

    50 years ago, the quest for superheavy elements was just getting started

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    cover of the September 8, 1973 of Science News

    Searching for superheavies — Science News, September 8, 1973

    Physicists and chemists have been actively searching for superheavy elements, substances with atomic weights and numbers greater than the 105 [elements] now known. Results of two searches are reported … none were found…. Future searches will have to involve direct fusion of heavy nuclei by driving one against another in heavy-ion accelerators.

    Update

    Particle accelerators have been crucial for creating superheavies beyond elements 104 and 105. Just a year later, element 106, seaborgium, emerged from collisions of oxygen ions and californium atoms — though its discovery wasn’t officially confirmed until two decades later (SN: 3/19/94, p. 180). Elements 107 through 118 have since made their debut, with several joining the periodic table as recently as 2016. Scientists are now trying to create elements 119 and 120 (SN: 3/2/19, p. 16). Forming heavier elements and pushing known superheavyweights to their limits could reveal insights into the forces that bind atoms together and the bizarre chemistry of the most extreme elements.

    Maria Temming

    Previously the staff writer for physical sciences at Science News, Maria Temming is the assistant editor at Science News Explores. She has bachelor’s degrees in physics and English, and a master’s in science writing.


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  • Cow dung spews a climate-warming gas. Adding algae could limit that

    Cow dung spews a climate-warming gas. Adding algae could limit that

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    algae: Single-celled organisms, once considered plants (they aren’t). As aquatic organisms, they grow in water. Like green plants, they depend on sunlight to make their food.

    bacteria: (singular: bacterium) Single-celled organisms. These dwell nearly everywhere on Earth, from the bottom of the sea to inside other living organisms (such as plants and animals). Bacteria are one of the three domains of life on Earth.

    biogas: Gas produced by a biological process, which can contain methane, carbon dioxide and other chemicals.

    carcinogen: A substance, compound or other agent (such as radiation) that causes cancer.

    chemical: A substance formed from two or more atoms that unite (bond) in a fixed proportion and structure. For example, water is a chemical made when two hydrogen atoms bond to one oxygen atom. Its chemical formula is H2O.

    dairy: Containing milk or having to do with milk.

    decompose: Also known as decay or rot, it’s to break down compounds in once-living things so that their building blocks can be returned to the environment. Organisms that break down once-living things in this way are called decomposers.

    environment: The sum of all of the things that exist around some organism or the process and the condition those things create. Environment may refer to the weather and ecosystem in which some animal lives, or, perhaps, the temperature and humidity (or even the placement of things in the vicinity of an item of interest).

    Environmental Protection Agency:  (or EPA) A national government agency charged with helping create a cleaner, safer and healthier environment in the United States. Created on Dec. 2, 1970, it reviews data on the possible toxicity of new chemicals (other than foods or drugs, which are regulated by other agencies) before they are approved for sale and use. Where such chemicals may be toxic, it sets limits or guidelines on how much of them may be released into (or allowed to build up in) the air, water or soil.

    extract: (v.) To separate one chemical (or component of something) from a complex mix.

    feces: A body’s solid waste, made up of undigested food, bacteria and water. The feces of larger animals are sometimes also called dung.

    feedlot: A facility where beef cattle or other livestock may go after living on farms or ranches and before being slaughtered for food. For three to six months, the animals eat a special diet that helps them gain weight and produce high-quality meat. Feedlots can host hundreds or even thousands of animals at a time.

    greenhouse gas: A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing heat. Carbon dioxide is one example of a greenhouse gas.

    gut: An informal term for the gastrointestinal tract, especially the intestines.

    hormone: (in zoology and medicine) A chemical produced in a gland and then carried in the bloodstream to another part of the body. Hormones control many important body activities, such as growth. Hormones act by triggering or regulating chemical reactions in the body.

    iodine: An element needed for the thyroid to produce the hormone used in growth, development and more. Some foods naturally have plenty. Others, principally table salt, may be fortified with this nutrient.

    New Zealand: An island nation in the southwest Pacific Ocean, roughly 1,500 kilometers (some 900 miles) east of Australia. Its “mainland” — consisting of a North and South Island — is quite volcanically active. In addition, the country includes many far smaller offshore islands.

    organ: (in biology) Various parts of an organism that perform one or more particular functions. For instance, an ovary is an organ that makes eggs, the brain is an organ that makes sense of nerve signals and a plant’s roots are organs that take in nutrients and moisture.

    oxygen: A gas that makes up about 21 percent of Earth’s atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their growth (and metabolism).

    potent: An adjective for something (like a germ, poison, drug or acid) that is very strong or powerful.

    risk: The chance or mathematical likelihood that some bad thing might happen. For instance, exposure to radiation poses a risk of cancer. Or the hazard — or peril — itself. (For instance: Among cancer risks that the people faced were radiation and drinking water tainted with arsenic.)

    seaweed: Large algae growing in the sea or on rocks below the high-water mark.

    sustainable: (n. sustainability) An adjective to describe the use of resources in a such a way that they will continue to be available long into the future.

    system: A network of parts that together work to achieve some function. For instance, the blood, vessels and heart are primary components of the human body’s circulatory system. Similarly, trains, platforms, tracks, roadway signals and overpasses are among the potential components of a nation’s railway system. System can even be applied to the processes or ideas that are part of some method or ordered set of procedures for getting a task done.

    thyroid: A gland in the neck that releases hormones, which play a pivotal role in directing development and metabolism (the use of food as fuel). The gland is relatively small, with two lobes separated by a bridge-like structure. Some therefore refer to its shape as resembling a butterfly.

    toxic: Poisonous or able to harm or kill cells, tissues or whole organisms. The measure of risk posed by such a poison is its toxicity.

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  • Why relaxation is as important as sleep – and six ways to do it better

    Why relaxation is as important as sleep – and six ways to do it better

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    New Scientist. Science news and long reads from expert journalists, covering developments in science, technology, health and the environment on the website and the magazine.

    AS YOUR eyes scan these words and absorb this sentence, do you feel you are resting? There is good reason to think you might. In 2016, more than 18,000 people responded to a survey called The Rest Test, which asked them how they unwind, and the top answer was by reading.

    This comes with caveats. Sat in your sunny garden fondly perusing a copy of New Scientist, you may respond in the affirmative. But if you are a student researching an essay due tomorrow, the answer is probably a definite no. Whether an activity is restful is clearly contextual. It is also hugely subjective: in The Rest Test, many people reported that their favoured forms of rest were either exercise or becoming absorbed in work.

    Such challenges are one reason why this topic has been rather neglected scientifically. In the past, researchers had preferred to study the body or brain engaging in active tasks rather than in difficult-to-define downtime. “In psychology and cognitive neuroscience, scientists can be blind to the importance of something like rest,” says Erin Wamsley, a psychologist at Furman University in South Carolina.

    Sleep studies have been a bona fide branch of neuroscience for decades, but only now are a host of new studies from multiple disciplines beginning to explain why waking rest is also important. When we choose the right activities in the right doses, rest can be a vital process for the optimal functioning of our bodies and minds. This includes our capacity to recover from illnesses such as covid-19, whether we can maintain self-control and our ability to form stronger memories of…

    Article amended on 31 August 2023

    This article has been amended to reflect Claudia Hammond’s role in The Rest Test.

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  • Chemists turned plastic waste into tiny bars of soap

    Chemists turned plastic waste into tiny bars of soap

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    The time may be coming to wash our hands of plastic trash. Literally.

    About 60 percent of all plastic ever made ends up in landfills or littering the environment. Only about one-tenth of plastic waste is ever recycled, and much of that ends up being low-quality material reused in things like park benches (SN: 1/27/21). So chemists are searching for ways to “upcycle” plastic into more valuable raw materials.

    Now, there’s a way to turn old plastic into surfactants, researchers report in the Aug. 10 Science. Surfactants make up the key ingredients in dozens of products like lubricants, ski wax, detergents and soap.

    “To me, plastic waste basically [is] aboveground crude oil,” says chemist Guoliang Liu of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg. “We don’t have to go deep into the ocean or underground to mine [it] anymore” to make valuable chemicals. 

    Surfactants and the two most used kinds of plastic, polyethylene and polypropylene, are made of molecular chains of carbon atoms. But surfactants’ chains are far shorter than those of plastics and are capped with groups of water-attracting atoms.

    To turn plastic into surfactants, Liu and colleagues developed a special reactor that carefully heats and condenses plastic into a wax with short carbon chains. By capping the wax’s chains with groups of oxygen atoms and treating them with an alkaline solution, the researchers turned the wax into surfactant. Combining the surfactant with a bit of dye and fragrance produced tiny bars of soap.

    Still, upcycled plastic probably won’t be washing away messes any time soon. The researchers can make only about half a gram of surfactant at a time. If Liu and his team can figure out a way to scale up the process, they hope to partner with industry to make plastic waste a bit cleaner.

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  • Magnetic ‘rusty’ nanoparticles pull estrogen out of water

    Magnetic ‘rusty’ nanoparticles pull estrogen out of water

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    A new “smart rust” could one day help pull pollutants out of waterways, leaving cleaner water behind.

    Researchers adorned tiny particles of iron oxide, better known as rust, with “sticky” molecules that grab on to estrogen and similar hormones in water samples. A magnet can then remove both the particles and the trapped pollutants from the water, materials scientist Lukas Müller reports August 16 in San Francisco at a meeting of the American Chemical Society.

    The new technology could potentially limit excess estrogen’s harmful effects on animals, especially those that live in waterways.

    With the nanoparticles, “we are able … to clean very different kinds of environmental pollutants,” says Müller, of Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg in Germany.

    Estrogen hormones typically enter waterways through humans’ and other animals’ waste (SN: 1/2/02). Even low concentrations can have harmful chronic effects on aquatic life, like higher instances of cancer or reproductive issues, says Konrad Wojnarowski, a biologist at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München who was not involved in the study. Wastewater treatment plants can remove some estrogen hormones, he says, but the process isn’t cheap or energy efficient.

    For now, “we still don’t have an ideal way of dealing with estrogen pollution in the environment,” but nanoparticles could help, Wojnarowski says.

    To build the estrogen-catching particles, Müller and Marcus Halik, a chemist also at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, drew on prior experience designing iron oxide nanoparticles that can catch other kinds of pollutants like oil or herbicides (SN: 7/25/08). The tiny iron oxide cores are each about 10 nanometers in diameter. Each core is then covered in phosphonic acid molecules, which act like sticky hairs that scoop up contaminants.

    The new version of the nanoparticles specifically targets estrogen by including two types of phosphonic acid. One kind is long, repels water and attaches to the neutrally charged part of the estrogen molecule. The other is positively charged to attract parts of estrogen hormones that carry a slight negative charge.

    The smart rust removed much of the estrogen from small water samples prepared in the lab, the researchers found. Their next step is to test the nanoparticles on samples from actual waterways.

    And the team is investigating exactly how the molecules on the nanoparticle surfaces grab and hold on to estrogen at the atomic scale. With this information, Halik says, they can improve the estrogen binding even more.


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  • Here is What to Know Beyond Why Rivian Automotive, Inc RIVN is a Trending Stock March 20, 2025

    Among the choices is the “Drift” mode which proactively distributes power to offset traction control and increase the “fun” factor. The vehicle comes with a 240 to 400-mile range depending on the battery and motor combination and individual driving styles. In regard to its capabilities, the truck can go from 0 to 60 in 3 seconds, tow up to 11,000 pounds, and wade through 3 feet of water with no problems. In addition, whether you “Accept All,” Deny Optional,” click the X or otherwise continue to use the site, you accept our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service, revised from time to time.

    Speculations regarding the Trump administration’s intent to roll back current EV policies could dampen the rush of enthusiasm. Rivian, like others in the electric vehicle sphere, might face destabilizing impacts if comprehensive policies that support electric vehicle forex related courses incentives are revised. Rivian’s performance in terms of delivery targets has been a talk of the town, catapulting their stock skyward by almost 25% in early January 2025. Exceeding delivery expectations implies not just production efficiency but a robust supply chain response in what has been an unpredictable year for many sectors. This beats analyst expectations and fosters a wave of positivity for stakeholders.

    Here is What to Know Beyond Why Rivian Automotive, Inc. (RIVN) is a Trending Stock

    You’d think this would require more computers under the hood, but on the contrary, Rivian managed to shrink the number down, by a significant margin. While its first-generation platform was made up of 17 Electronic Control Units (ECUs), second-gen models only have seven. The analyst also assumes that batteries sourced from South Korea will suffer a 25% tariff. For the current quarter, Rivian Automotive is expected to post a loss of $0.80 per share, indicating a change of +32.8% from the year-ago quarter.

    We do not provide investment advice or solicitation of any kind to buy or sell any investment products. Trading carries a high level of risk and may not be suitable for all investors. Before deciding to invest in Rivian, consider its 4 take profit exit strategies to make you a better trader current financial situation, the competitive landscape, and the potential for long-term growth.

    The company’s ability to tie impressive technological advancements with tangible revenue growth could be the cornerstone of long-term success. As Rivian’s adventure within the green automotive revolution continues, its relentless pursuit of expansion and adaptation will ultimately dictate its place among industry leaders. Amidst these shakepay review considerable strides, Rivian faces an ongoing battle with financial metrics. The intricacies of their financial statements reflect a period of transition; one where massive growth attempts to overshadow short-term monetary losses. While their intrinsic value highlights potential, profitability remains a formidable hurdle.

    Looking in the rearview mirror of Rivian’s recent performance, questions of sustainability dominate discussions among traders. Will Rivian continue to defy expectations, or are these favorable winds more wind gusts than trade winds, momentary rather than lasting? Time and strategy will unravel these answers with Rivian remaining a closely watched player on the electric vehicle stage.

    Be the first to know about important RIVN news, forecast changes, insider trades & much more!Get Free RIVN Updates

    Rivian epitomizes the electric vehicle sector’s broader narrative—one teeming with potential yet replete with complex challenges. Amid celebratory delivery figures, Rivian must navigate these waters by crafting adept strategies, balancing innovation with prudence, and understanding policy landscapes to sustain its upward trajectory. Founded in 1993, The Motley Fool is a financial services company dedicated to making the world smarter, happier, and richer. The Motley Fool reaches millions of people every month through our premium investing solutions, free guidance and market analysis on Fool.com, personal finance education, top-rated podcasts, and non-profit The Motley Fool Foundation.

    For valuing profitable companies with steady earnings

    That’s because we believe the present value of its future stream of earnings is what determines the fair value for its stock. Trade confidently with insights and alerts from analyst ratings, free reports and breaking news that affects the stocks you care about. Scaringe also talked about the EV industry and what is needed to increase its share of the U.S. vehicle market. EVs made up 8.1% of vehicle sales in the U.S. in 2024, according to Cox Automotive. There are the legacy automakers — the ones you know and love — but there are also the new startups building all-new kinds of cars.

    • Rivian reports first-quarter deliveries of 8,640 vehicles, down 36% year over year but in line with company and Wall Street estimates.
    • The startup wants to make as many as 1 million vehicles per year by 2030 and says it will have all three different vehicles in production by the end of this year.
    • The R2 is meant to bring the brand to a much wider audience of buyers.
    • Rivian may be poised to thrive amid the escalating trade war, especially with the company’s U.S.-based manufacturing and no exposure to China or Europe sales.
    • Pay attention to quarterly earnings reports, news related to production milestones, and any developments in the electric vehicle industry.

    RIVN Stock Analysis – Frequently Asked Questions

    Don’t miss the chance to potentially position your portfolio for significant growth – download your free copy now. Rivian Automotive (RIVN Quick QuoteRIVN – Free Report) is one of the stocks most watched by Zacks.com visitors lately. So, it might be a good idea to review some of the factors that might affect the near-term performance of the stock. Top stories, top movers, and trade ideas delivered to your inbox every weekday before and after the market closes. By now you’re likely curious about how to participate in the market for Rivian Automotive — be it to purchase shares, or even attempt to bet against the company.

    • The software also obviously relates to what’s happening in the background, using data from all the sensors and cameras dotted around the vehicle.
    • And if earnings estimates go up for a company, the fair value for its stock goes up.
    • Their strategy is to capture short-term momentum while avoiding undue risk exposure to a stock’s long-term volatility.
    • Amid celebratory delivery figures, Rivian must navigate these waters by crafting adept strategies, balancing innovation with prudence, and understanding policy landscapes to sustain its upward trajectory.

    The R2 is meant to bring the brand to a much wider audience of buyers. The declining favorability of Musk and the Tesla brand could be seen in its latest first-quarter unit delivery numbers, which fell 13% in the quarter. However, Rivian saw an even sharper decline, with deliveries down 36% to 8,640 vehicles.

    What seems to grab attention in the financial world is Rivian’s high current ratio of 5.1, indicating plenty of liquidity to cover short-term liabilities. This could provide the platform for accelerating their innovative pursuits or cushioning any unexpected financial hiccups in the EV journey. It has solid potential upside, but it’s also a boom-or-bust type of stock. As such, investors can consider buying the stock here, but they must size positions accordingly. It will shut down its factory for a month this year to prepare for the launch of its new R2 SUV in 2026. Before the tariffs, this new model SUV was expected to start at a price of around $45,000.

    Investing in individual stocks, especially those of companies in the rapidly evolving electric vehicle (EV) sector, can be a promising yet complex venture. Rivian Automotive, an electric vehicle manufacturer based in the United States, has attracted significant attention since its public debut. With its IPO in November 2021, Rivian quickly became one of the most discussed EV stocks in the market. If you’re considering investing in Rivian stock, this guide will walk you through the steps, strategies, and considerations involved in making an informed decision. EV companies like Rivian and Tesla have been ahead of the game from a tech perspective for some time now, but the thought-process at the legacy carmakers is starting to change. That’s perhaps best embodied by Volkswagen’s decision to partner with Rivian, which will see future Volkswagen vehicles, like the new ID.1, get software that’s based on Rivian’s.

    Get a brief on the top business stories of the week, plus CEO interviews, market updates, tech and money news that matters to you. “We build the big pieces all here,” he told Claman, mentioning the motors and battery as examples. “We developed the software stack, the electronics, but there are a lot of components that come from a global supply chain.”

  • Climate change: Inside the expedition to find out how humans can adapt to extreme heat

    Climate change: Inside the expedition to find out how humans can adapt to extreme heat

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    Saudi Arabian desert extreme heat experiment

    TRUDGING through hot, red sand is hard work, especially in temperatures above 40°C (104°F). After about 40 minutes, I am drenched, dehydrated and drained. I can’t imagine doing this for 40 days, dragging all my gear behind me – including 40 litres of water, enough for five days – on a two-wheeled trolley. But that is exactly what the people I am travelling with have just done.

    I am in the Nafud desert, a vast tract of sandy and rocky wilderness in northern Saudi Arabia, to experience levels of heat that I am not built to endure – and to meet 20 people participating in an expedition called Deep Climate, dedicated to understanding how humans respond to extreme conditions. “The idea is to study how human beings can adapt to a new kind of environment,” says Christian Clot, the leader of the expedition and director of the Human Adaptation Institute in France.

    As the climate warms, the issue is becoming increasingly pressing. Even under the most optimistic scenarios, the scorching heat seen in southern Europe and across the US over the past couple of months, with temperatures exceeding 40°C, will become the norm in many parts of the world.

    That means the question of what happens to our brains and bodies, and the extent to which human physiology can cope with extreme heat, matters for millions of people. “You’re going to see a great big swathe of very densely populated areas go up to unprecedented temperatures that nobody experienced in the historical climate,” says Tim Lenton at the University of Exeter, UK, who recently co-authored a research paper called “…

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  • High-tech solar ‘leaves’ create green fuels from the sun

    High-tech solar ‘leaves’ create green fuels from the sun

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    acetate: (also called acetic acid) A short-chained fatty acid that is a common byproduct of fiber fermentation in the gut. Acetate appears to play a role in preventing obesity.

    atom: The basic unit of a chemical element. Atoms are made up of a dense nucleus that contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The nucleus is orbited by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

    bacteria: (adj: bacterial) Single-celled organisms. These dwell nearly everywhere on Earth, from the bottom of the sea to inside other living organisms (such as plants and animals). Bacteria are one of the three domains of life on Earth.

    bond: (in chemistry) A semi-permanent attachment between atoms — or groups of atoms — in a molecule. It’s formed by an attractive force between the participating atoms. Once bonded, the atoms will work as a unit. To separate the component atoms, energy must be supplied to the molecule as heat or some other type of radiation.

    carbon dioxide: (or CO2) A colorless, odorless gas produced by all animals when the oxygen they inhale reacts with the carbon-rich foods that they’ve eaten. Carbon dioxide also is released when organic matter burns (including fossil fuels like oil or gas). Carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas, trapping heat in Earth’s atmosphere. Plants convert carbon dioxide into oxygen during photosynthesis, the process they use to make their own food.

    catalyst: (v. catalyze) A substance that helps a chemical reaction to proceed faster. Examples include enzymes and elements such as platinum and iridium.

    cell: (in biology) The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Typically too small to see with the unaided eye, it consists of a watery fluid surrounded by a membrane or wall.

    chlorophyll: Any of several green pigments found in plants that perform photosynthesis — creating sugars (foods) from carbon dioxide and water.

    climate change: Long-term, significant change in the climate of Earth. It can happen naturally or in response to human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests.

    electron: A negatively charged particle, usually found orbiting the outer regions of an atom; also, the carrier of electricity within solids.

    engine: A machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Sometimes an engine is called a motor. (in computer science) A computer program that performs a particular, narrow range of functions.

    ethanol: A type of alcohol, also known as ethyl alcohol, that serves as the basis of alcoholic drinks, such as beer, wine and distilled spirits. It also is used as a solvent and as a fuel (often mixed with gasoline, for instance).

    fabric: Any flexible material that is woven, knitted or can be fused into a sheet by heat.

    fatty acid: A large molecule made of up chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together. Fatty acids are chemical building blocks of fats in foods and the body.

    fertilizer: Nitrogen, phosphorus and other plant nutrients added to soil, water or foliage to boost crop growth or to replenish nutrients that were lost earlier as they were used by plant roots or leaves.

    fuel: Any material that will release energy during a controlled chemical or nuclear reaction. Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas and petroleum) are a common type that liberate their energy through chemical reactions that take place when heated (usually to the point of burning).

    function: The specific role some structure or device plays.

    hydrogen: The lightest element in the universe. As a gas, it is colorless, odorless and highly flammable. It’s an integral part of many fuels, fats and chemicals that make up living tissues. It’s made of a single proton (which serves as its nucleus) orbited by a single electron.

    mineral: Crystal-forming substances that make up rock, such as quartz, apatite or various carbonates. Most rocks contain several different minerals mish-mashed together. A mineral usually is solid and stable at room temperatures and has a specific formula, or recipe (with atoms occurring in certain proportions) and a specific crystalline structure (meaning that its atoms are organized in regular three-dimensional patterns).

    molecule: An electrically neutral group of atoms that represents the smallest possible amount of a chemical compound. Molecules can be made of single types of atoms or of different types. For example, the oxygen in the air is made of two oxygen atoms (O2), but water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O).

    oxygen: A gas that makes up about 21 percent of Earth’s atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their growth (and metabolism).

    photosynthesis: (verb: photosynthesize) The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to produce foods from carbon dioxide and water.

    pigment: A material, like the natural colorings in skin, that alter the light reflected off of an object or transmitted through it. The overall color of a pigment typically depends on which wavelengths of visible light it absorbs and which ones it reflects. For example, a red pigment tends to reflect red wavelengths of light very well and typically absorbs other colors. Pigment also is the term for chemicals that manufacturers use to tint paint.

    plastic: Any of a series of materials that are easily deformable; or synthetic materials that have been made from polymers (long strings of some building-block molecule) that tend to be lightweight, inexpensive and resistant to degradation. (adj.) A material that is able to adapt by changing shape or possibly even changing its function.

    protein: A compound made from one or more long chains of amino acids. Proteins are an essential part of all living organisms. They form the basis of living cells, muscle and tissues; they also do the work inside of cells. Antibodies, hemoglobin and enzymes are all examples of proteins. Medicines frequently work by latching onto proteins.

    proton: A subatomic particle that is one of the basic building blocks of the atoms that make up matter. Protons belong to the family of particles known as hadrons.

    short circuit: A low-resistance connection between two electrically conducting materials that unintentionally create a circuit. The condition causes the flow of an excessive current and may produce very high temperatures. It can potentially cause parts of the circuit to be destroyed (even explode).

    solar: Having to do with the sun or the radiation it emits. It comes from sol, Latin for sun.

    sun: The star at the center of Earth’s solar system. It is about 27,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Also a term for any sunlike star.

    synthetic: An adjective that describes something that did not arise naturally, but was instead created by people. Many synthetic materials have been developed to stand in for natural materials, such as synthetic rubber, synthetic diamond or a synthetic hormone. Some may even have a chemical makeup and structure identical to the original.

    system: A network of parts that together work to achieve some function. For instance, the blood, vessels and heart are primary components of the human body’s circulatory system. Similarly, trains, platforms, tracks, roadway signals and overpasses are among the potential components of a nation’s railway system. System can even be applied to the processes or ideas that are part of some method or ordered set of procedures for getting a task done.

    technology: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry — or the devices, processes and systems that result from those efforts.

    toxic: Poisonous or able to harm or kill cells, tissues or whole organisms. The measure of risk posed by such a poison is its toxicity.

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