Hardy, R. S., Raza, K. & Cooper, M. S. Therapeutic glucocorticoids: mechanisms of actions in rheumatic diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 16, 133–144 (2020).
Buckley, L. & Humphrey, M. B. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 2547–2556 (2018).
Lillegraven, S. et al. Immunosuppressive treatment and the risk of diabetes in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS ONE 14, e0210459 (2019).
Vettorazzi, S., Nalbantoglu, D., Gebhardt, J. C. M. & Tuckermann, J. A guide to changing paradigms of glucocorticoid receptor function-a model system for genome regulation and physiology. FEBS J. 289, 5718–5743 (2021).
Glass, C. K. & Saijo, K. Nuclear receptor transrepression pathways that regulate inflammation in macrophages and T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10, 365–376 (2010).
Hübner, S., Dejager, L., Libert, C. & Tuckermann, J. P. The glucocorticoid receptor in inflammatory processes: transrepression is not enough. Biol. Chem. 396, 1223–1231 (2015).
O’Neill, L. A., Kishton, R. J. & Rathmell, J. A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 16, 553–565 (2016).
Li, J. X. & Cummins, C. L. Fresh insights into glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and new therapeutic directions. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00683-6 (2022).
Jones, C. G., Hothi, S. K. & Titheradge, M. A. Effect of dexamethasone on gluconeogenesis, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase flux in isolated hepatocytes. Biochem. J. 289, 821–828 (1993).
Martin, A. D., Allan, E. H. & Titheradge, M. A. The stimulation of mitochondrial pyruvate carboxylation after dexamethasone treatment of rats. Biochem. J. 219, 107–115 (1984).
Sistare, F. D. & Haynes, R. C. Jr. Acute stimulation by glucocorticoids of gluconeogenesis from lactate/pyruvate in isolated hepatocytes from normal and adrenalectomized rats. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12754–12760 (1985).
Karra, A. G. et al. Proteomic analysis of the mitochondrial glucocorticoid receptor interacting proteins reveals pyruvate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial 60 kDa heat shock protein as potent binding partners. J. Proteom. 257, 104509 (2022).
Santos, J. H. Mitochondria signaling to the epigenome: a novel role for an old organelle. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 170, 59–69 (2021).
Ryan, D. G. & O’Neill, L. A. J. Krebs cycle reborn in macrophage immunometabolism. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 38, 289–313 (2020).
Hooftman, A. & O’Neill, L. A. J. The immunomodulatory potential of the metabolite itaconate. Trends Immunol. 40, 687–698 (2019).
Peace, C. G. & O’Neill, L. A. The role of itaconate in host defense and inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci148548 (2022).
Mills, E. L. et al. Itaconate is an anti-inflammatory metabolite that activates Nrf2 via alkylation of KEAP1. Nature 556, 113–117 (2018).
Bambouskova, M. et al. Electrophilic properties of itaconate and derivatives regulate the IκBζ-ATF3 inflammatory axis. Nature 556, 501–504 (2018).
O’Neill, L. A. J. & Artyomov, M. N. Itaconate: the poster child of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage function. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 19, 273–281 (2019).
Christensen, A. D., Haase, C., Cook, A. D. & Hamilton, J. A. K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis as a model for human inflammatory arthritis. Front. Immunol. 7, 213 (2016).
Aun, M. V., Bonamichi-Santos, R., Arantes-Costa, F. M., Kalil, J. & Giavina-Bianchi, P. Animal models of asthma: utility and limitations. J. Asthma Allergy 10, 293–301 (2017).
Finotto, S. et al. Treatment of allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness by antisense-induced local blockade of GATA-3 expression. J. Exp. Med. 193, 1247–1260 (2001).
Buck, M. D., Sowell, R. T., Kaech, S. M. & Pearce, E. L. Metabolic instruction of immunity. Cell 169, 570–586 (2017).
Ip, W. K. E., Hoshi, N., Shouval, D. S., Snapper, S. & Medzhitov, R. Anti-inflammatory effect of IL-10 mediated by metabolic reprogramming of macrophages. Science 356, 513–519 (2017).
Cheng, S. C. et al. mTOR- and HIF-1α-mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity. Science 345, 1250684 (2014).
Stifel, U. et al. Glucocorticoids coordinate macrophage metabolism through the regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mol. Metab. 57, 101424 (2022).
Clark, A. R. Anti-inflammatory functions of glucocorticoid-induced genes. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 275, 79–97 (2007).
Lampropoulou, V. et al. Itaconate links inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase with macrophage metabolic remodeling and regulation of inflammation. Cell Metab. 24, 158–166 (2016).
Bigenzahn, J. W. et al. LZTR1 is a regulator of RAS ubiquitination and signaling. Science 362, 1171–1177 (2018).
Aletaha, D. et al. 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann. Rheum. 69, 1580–1588 (2010).
Savory, J. G. et al. Discrimination between NL1- and NL2-mediated nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 1025–1037 (1999).
Hofmann, J., Börnke, F., Schmiedl, A., Kleine, T. & Sonnewald, U. Detecting functional groups of Arabidopsis mutants by metabolic profiling and evaluation of pleiotropic responses. Front. Plant Sci. 2, 82 (2011).
Source link
