Carbon Chemist

Tag: The Innovation Platform Issue 18

  • Decarbonising heavy-duty vehicles

    Decarbonising heavy-duty vehicles

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    The Advanced Propulsion Centre details Project Trident and its commitment to developing the next-generation propulsion technologies that can realise zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles.

    In the pursuit of decarbonisation, the transport industry stands at a crucial juncture. With the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, innovations in propulsion technologies have become imperative.

    The UK automotive industry is committed to the 2050 target of net zero and the first goal of removing CO2 and harmful emissions from vehicle use. Significant research and development (R&D) is underway to develop zero-emission heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), with the most recent and promising result being the e-turbo.

    Gareth Purdy, Senior Project Delivery Lead at the Advanced Propulsion Centre UK (APC), looks at a leading APC-supported project that is unlocking the potential of e-turbos, their application in heavy transport, and their pivotal role in redefining the efficiency landscape of thermal propulsion powertrains.

    The heavy-duty problem

    The heavy-duty industry generates £15.8bn in revenue, £3bn Gross Value Added, and is responsible for UK exports of £11.8bn, while European exports generate 39% of revenue. The UK has several strengths in the heavy-duty market, particularly vehicle and engine research and development (R&D) and manufacturing. The UK off-highway construction equipment sector is particularly strong, considered first in Europe and fifth in the World.¹

    Vehicles that fall under the HDV category, 3.5 tonnes and above, have a much greater diversity than consumer-focused passenger cars and light-duty vehicle equivalents. Businesses treat these vehicles primarily as capital equipment, valuing long life, durability, uptime, and utility. Reliability of service is key to maintaining credibility with suppliers. Reputation is a major factor in vehicle choices for some fleets, where customer perception may drive an earlier transition to a zero-emission fleet than organisations with less scrutiny from their customer base. There is a much greater customisation of vehicles to suit each user’s case. Within the weight categories, there is a broad spectrum of power, onboard energy storage, and refuelling, including remote fuelling needs.

    When considering the transition to net-zero heavy-duty vehicles, zero-emission technology solutions need to be both practicable and suited to the user case. There is no one-size-fits-all approach that could replace the current universality of diesel.

    Project Trident

    Electronic turbos (e-turbos) are emerging as game-changers in internal combustion engines (ICE) and the promising realm of hydrogen fuel cell technology. In 2021, Cummins Ltd, Aeristech, Holtex, and the University of Bath (IAAPS) were awarded £10m in government and industry funding through APC’s Collaborative Research & Development competition, enabling the consortium to accelerate the development of air handling technologies for hybrid and fuel cell platforms. Cummins, Aeristech, Holtex and IAAPS worked together to develop the proprietary development of tools and analytical methodology required to translate to scale-up. In doing so, the project created a base platform and integrated architecture specifically optimised for e-machine componentry. From this, the project realised integrated full system prototypes and the appropriate series manufacturing and supply chain processes, which supported the delivery of customer-ready demonstrators.

    One of the key outputs of the project, along with the technical development, was to develop the supply chain through collaboration – a key principle for the APC – and anchor the new capability and capacity into the UK to extend the opportunity into the component value chain.

    Trident’s radical full-system approach joins up parallel technology, materials and manufacturing breakthroughs in all key components and subsystems through proprietary modelling/scale-up tools. Using toolsets and unique expertise, the project can realise disruptive base aerodynamic, rotor-dynamic, and e-machine platforms and common architectures to optimally integrate all new technologies to maximum advantage. All this whilst delivering further efficiency gains leveraging novel effects from broadening the integration envelope to after treatment.

    By redefining the practical limits of system efficiency across multiple thermal propulsion powertrains as well as system level efficiency at the vehicle level, the project expects to deliver significant savings of CO2 and fuel consumption improvements for ICE-based platforms such as hybrids, natural gas vehicles, and reduced-emission diesel variants..

    E-turbos can explore new areas for efficiency and performance gains in turbocharging technology. Unlike traditional turbochargers, which rely on exhaust gases to spin a turbine and compress intake air, e-turbos integrate electric motors to augment turbocharger performance. This integration allows for instantaneous boost response, eliminating turbo lag – a longstanding challenge in traditional turbocharging systems. Moreover, e-turbos offer precise control over boost pressure, enhancing engine efficiency and power output.

    Revolutionising the heavy-duty transport sector

    The adoption of e-turbos holds immense promise in the heavy-duty vehicles sector. From freight trucks to buses, heavy-duty vehicles are significant contributors to carbon emissions. Transport is the largest emitting sector of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, producing 26% of the UK’s total emissions in 2021 (427 MtCO2e).² The biggest contributors to this were cars and taxis, which made up 52% of the emissions from domestic transport (57 MtCO2e), Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) (20% of domestic transport emissions, 21 MtCO2e), and vans (17% of emissions, 18 MtCO2e).

    By incorporating e-turbos into heavy transport vehicles, manufacturers can substantially improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. The benefits extend beyond environmental considerations, encompassing operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

    Central to the development of future e-turbo platforms and a direct benefit from the project is the utilisation of advanced simulation and modelling. The project partners leverage advanced computational tools to refine design parameters and predict system behaviour in the quest for optimal performance and emissions reduction. Simulation-driven development toolsets enabled the consortia engineers to optimise e-turbo performance across diverse operating conditions iteratively. Moreover, these tools play a pivotal role in the development of next-generation propulsion technologies, including hydrogen fuel cells. By simulating complex processes and fluid dynamics across a multitude of existing powertrains, fuel cells, hybrids, and alternative fuels, the developers can accelerate the transition to CO2-free propulsion systems. The turbocharger heat transfer model takes compute time for simulation from hours on a supercomputer to minutes on a laptop.

    The heavy transport industry is diverse, and there is no one-size-fits-all approach to decarbonising. The demands placed on propulsion systems are formidable. To thrive in this domain, e-turbos must meet stringent criteria for cost performance, operational availability, design life, and reliability. Manufacturers are tasked with engineering solutions that not only deliver superior performance but also withstand the rigours of extreme applications. Through advanced materials, robust design methodologies, and rigorous testing protocols, e-turbo technology is rising to meet these challenges head-on.

    The integration of e-turbos is redefining the practical limits of system efficiency across multiple thermal propulsion powertrains. Whether in conventional ICE platforms, hybrid vehicles, or emerging hydrogen fuel cell technology, e-turbos offer unparalleled gains in efficiency. E-turbos contribute to significant reductions in CO2 emissions and fuel consumption by optimising air-fuel ratio and combustion dynamics. This holistic approach to system-level efficiency underscores the transformative potential of e-turbo technology in the transport industry.

    The UK’s e-turbo potential

    In the UK, the adoption of e-turbo technology presents a unique opportunity to bolster the domestic supply chain and safeguard jobs. Project Trident has demonstrated this by creating roles in this new field. As a direct output from Trident, the project partners are already looking to invest further in the development of new relevant platforms, both with current customers and in the longer-term view of innovative new fuel cell platforms, as the demand for skilled labour and specialised expertise surges.

    Project Trident has demonstrated a proactive approach to nurturing a robust research, development, and manufacturing ecosystem. With this, the UK can position itself as a global leader in sustainable transport solutions. Moreover, the convergence of e-turbo technology with hydrogen fuel cell platforms holds immense potential for driving innovation and economic growth in the UK’s automotive sector.

    The project’s conclusion allowed the project partners to reflect on a well-earned lesson learned. Not only had the project superseded expectations in aspects of the project deliverables, but this was done during the COVID-19 period when new ways to collaborate had to be defined in order to remain agile in an R&D environment.

    heavy-duty vehicles
    © shutterstock/Virrage Images

    The dawn of electronic turbos represents a pivotal milestone in the journey towards decarbonisation in the transport industry. From revolutionising internal combustion engines to enabling the transition to hydrogen fuel cell technology, e-turbos are reshaping the efficiency landscape of thermal propulsion powertrains. As manufacturers embrace this transformative technology, they must navigate the demands of heavy-duty vehicles applications while striving for continuous improvement in performance, reliability, and emissions reduction. Through simulation-driven innovation and strategic investment, the UK stands poised to lead the charge towards a greener, more sustainable future in transportation.

    About the Advanced Propulsion Centre

    The Advanced Propulsion Centre UK (APC) collaborates with the UK government, the automotive industry, and academia to accelerate the industrialisation of technologies and support the transition to deliver net-zero emission vehicles.

    Since its foundation in 2013, APC has funded 264 low-carbon projects involving 492 partners, working with companies of all sizes. These projects will have helped to create or safeguard over 58,000 jobs in the UK. The technologies developed in these projects are projected to save over 410 million tonnes of CO2.

    With its deep sector expertise and cutting-edge knowledge of new propulsion technologies, APC’s role in building and advising project consortia helps projects start more quickly and deliver increased value. In the longer term, its work to drive innovation and encourage collaboration is building the foundations for a successful and sustainable UK automotive industry.

    In 2019, the UK government committed to the Automotive Transformation Fund (ATF) to accelerate the development of a net-zero vehicle supply chain, enabling UK-based manufacturers to serve global markets. ATF investments are awarded through the APC to support strategically important UK capital and R&D investments that will enable companies involved in batteries, motors and drives, power electronics, fuel cells, and associated supply chains to anchor their future.

    References

    1. https://eu.eventscloud.com/file uploads/0318d7f08e1c8ffb2d120ca57742a5c1_CEAReport2019A4Small.pdf
    2. Transport and environment statistics: 2023 – GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • Green ammonia production innovations spearheaded by US university

    Green ammonia production innovations spearheaded by US university

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    Powered by small modular reactors from NuScale Power, the US university and national lab team is set to revolutionise the carbon-intensive industry with green ammonia production.

    Hydrogen, a promising energy carrier and an important feedstock for many industries, has been widely recognised as a game-changer in long-term energy and environmental sustainability.

    However, most hydrogen is currently produced using natural gas via the steam reforming process, emitting about 9.4kg CO2 per kilogramme of H2 produced. This leads to a wells-to-gate greenhouse gas emission of more than 10kg CO2 per kilogramme of H2.

    With 43% of hydrogen production used for ammonia production in 2018,1 ammonia production alone accounts for 2% of overall fossil energy use and 1.2% of total GHG emissions.2, 3

    In order to help the transition to sustainable energy, green (carbon-free) hydrogen through electrolysis of water is critical. While wind and solar are desirable energy sources for electrolysers, their intermittent nature requires extensive and costly energy storage.

    The potential of SMRs for green ammonia production

    With the recent advancements in modularity, simplicity and factory assembly, small modular reactors (SMR) possess the unique advantage of providing steady and low-cost hydrogen onsite, reducing or even eliminating the costly energy storage and H2 transportation needed for various industrial applications.

    Given that the electricity required for the electrolysis process dominates the hydrogen production cost,4 using an SMR as the primary energy source to supply electricity and steam to high-temperature electrolysers (HTE) can further reduce the production cost of carbon-free hydrogen.

    Recent estimates indicate that a commercial scale H2 production rate of 250-300 metric tons/day can be achieved economically with a six NuScale Power Module (VOYGRTM-6 plant).

    Thus, integrating onsite hydrogen generation powered by an SMR with industrial processes can eliminate the significant costs associated with hydrogen production and transportation, creating a potentially viable solution for low-cost carbon-free hydrogen production, as well as its downstream products.

    Decarbonising ammonia

    With 80% of the ammonia produced today being used in fertilisers such as urea and ammonium nitrate, a significant increase in ammonia production is expected with population growth, according to historical data.5 Thus, decarbonising the existing ammonia market represents a large opportunity for carbon-free ammonia to significantly reduce global GHG emissions.

    Leveraging its simplicity and cost advantages, SMRs are in the position to help the energy-intensive ammonia production industry reduce carbon emissions.

    Moreover, ammonia is increasingly considered an energy vector. In terms of the cost of storage and transportation, ammonia has significant advantages over hydrogen.6 Thus, we expect carbon-free ammonia will play a key role in enabling carbon-free hydrogen.

    The solution: Collaboration and innovation

    Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy under the Nuclear Energy University Program (NEUP), this project will develop two reference designs of carbon-free (green) ammonia plants. One design uses freshwater as the source of hydrogen, while the other design uses seawater (or brackish water) as the source.

    Innovative freeze desalination is expected to play an essential role in deploying the technology. In both designs, a high-temperature steam electrolyser currently under intense development and testing will be modelled, and the NuScale SMR will be used as the primary energy source, providing both electricity and steam for the plants. An overview of NuScale’s advanced SMR is shown here.

    green ammonia production

    This project is led by Dr Hailei Wang from Utah State University. He and his group will lead process modelling, system integration, and reference design efforts. Most of the proposed work will be conducted in his Energy Technology Research and Innovation (eTRI) lab.

    The lab has well-established integrated energy system modelling and optimisation capabilities, thermal-hydraulic modelling and experimental facilities. His group will work closely with scientists and engineers from Idaho National Lab (INL), Argonne National Lab (ANL) and NuScale Power.

    INL is the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy’s lead laboratory. It has a strong research programme on small modular reactors (SMRs). INL will support the university team’s process modelling, design and techno-economic analysis (TEA) of the high-temperature electrolyser.

    ANL is a U.S. Department of Energy multidisciplinary science and engineering research centre. It is a national leader in energy systems assessment, process modelling and technoeconomic analysis for the production of electro-fuels or electro-chemicals. ANL will support the university team on ammonia process modelling and its TEA.

    In addition, the project will also benefit from NuScale Power’s active involvement and industry perspectives.

    An opportunity for SMR-powered green ammonia production

    In summary, this project provides an opportunity to demonstrate examples of SMR-powered integrated energy systems (IES) for carbon-free ammonia production.

    Having all feedstocks, such as hydrogen and nitrogen, produced onsite (co-located) provides great opportunities for system integration and efficiency improvement, leading to potentially greater cost reduction.

    If successful, the proposed reference designs of carbon-free (green) ammonia can be built essentially everywhere, opening up the opportunity to bring ammonia plants close to the point of their consumption, significantly reducing the costs and carbon emissions associated with transportation.

    Given that ammonia is also being considered as a potential fuel candidate for marine-time ships,7,8 the proposed Reference Design 2 can be located near seawater to serve marine customers. In return, producing carbon-free ammonia beyond carbon-free hydrogen will greatly diversify the applications for SMRs in a clean energy economy.

    References

    1. “Global demand for pure hydrogen, 1975-2018 – Charts – Data & Statistics,” IEA. Accessed: Sep. 17, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-demand-for-pure-hydrogen-1975-2018
    2. S. Giddey, S. P. S. Badwal, C. Munnings, and M. Dolan, “Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Transportation Media,” ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 10231–10239, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02219.
    3. X. Liu, A. Elgowainy, and M. Wang, “Life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of ammonia production from renewable resources and industrial by-products,” Green Chem., vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 5751–5761, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1039/D0GC02301A.
    4. “20004-cost-electrolytic-hydrogen-production.pdf.” Accessed: Sep. 19, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/20004-cost-electrolytic-hydrogen-production.pdf
    5. S. A. Nosherwani and R. C. Neto, “Techno-economic assessment of commercial ammonia synthesis methods in coastal areas of Germany,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 34, p. 102201, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2020.102201.
    6. “20211122_WP_eAmmonia.pdf.”
    7. “Ammonia as a shipping fuel.” Accessed: Oct. 04, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.globalmaritimeforum.org/news/ammonia-as-a-shipping-fuel
    8. K. Machaj et al., “Ammonia as a potential marine fuel: A review,” Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 44, p. 100926, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2022.100926.
    9. “Hydrogen Shot,” Energy.gov. Accessed: Oct. 04, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-shot

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • How Temple University is innovating for the future

    How Temple University is innovating for the future

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    Temple University, together with its ecosystem of partners, is moving research results along the path to commercialisation, impacting diverse communities.

    The rise of Temple University’s research enterprise has generated a significant increase in discoveries for diverse communities. These range from potentially curative therapies for HIV and other viruses, genetically targeted treatments for cardiovascular disease, digital health solutions for autism and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a virtual reality system to combat the impact falls have on the elderly population.

    Advancing nascent technology out of research institutions presents an exciting opportunity for the world, but it is a journey. One that requires a community of champions that need to align to realise the potential impact of each discovery.

    Community-focused innovation development Innovation needs a community to thrive. This includes scientific and professional experts to help navigate the complex process of bringing an idea to market, investors and other funders that enable new businesses to carry the university’s innovation forward, and entrepreneurs who often work for equity until the company is sufficiently capitalised to pay its employees. Temple University, core to its mission, relies on this ecosystem of partners to move its research results onto the path towards commercialisation to deliver them to the community and beyond, and in doing so, brings growth to Philadelphia’s economy through these new businesses and products that make those solutions available to the public.

    This partnership-driven approach applies to each phase of Temple’s commercialisation strategy. Within the university, ensuring Temple researchers have a clear pathway to develop their ideas is paramount. Temple re-engineered its commercialisation process and staffing structure to provide that enhanced onramp to innovators. Temple’s surrounding industry and entrepreneurship community were integrated as the necessary activators for the commercialisation process. The university established partnerships that enable early-stage proof-of-concept support with the benefit of a market signal through engagement with industry experts, enabling technology de-risking by achieving the critical milestones that can lead to further investment. An early-stage investment programme was developed with a leading early-stage capital provider in Pennsylvania, enabling Temple to participate in investments supporting new companies spun out of Temple research.

    In March 2024, the university launched its Innovation Nest to reinforce the value of its community of partners and stakeholders. The Innovation Nest is the university’s first dedicated space to support the advancement of discoveries and incubation of companies generated by Temple’s research enterprise. With nearly 9,000 square feet of space, the facility houses Temple’s commercialisation team that provides concierge service to its research community, an incubator with flexible options for Temple spinout and affiliated startup companies, and an event venue with associated programmes designed to engage, educate, and expand the surrounding innovation ecosystem.

    Innovation Nest at Temple University
    Innovation Nest at Temple University. © Temple University

    With its community of partners and the launch of the Innovation Nest, Temple stands poised to make an indelible mark on the global stage. From concept to reality, Temple’s innovations have the power to address pressing needs and spark transformative change — one breakthrough at a time. Amid this flurry of innovation, a disruptive platform technology focused on treating venous thromboembolic disease developed at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine stands as a shining example — a testament to Temple’s enduring legacy of innovation and impact.

    Opening blocked arteries deep within lungs

    Blood clots take a devastating toll on health, claiming over 100,000 lives annually in the United States alone and millions worldwide. It remains the number one cause of preventable death in hospitals. Yet, despite their deadly impact, these clots remain under-treated.

    Accounting for a staggering 15% of all in-hospital deaths, 30 to 50% of survivors of these clots are left grappling with long-term disabilities, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease, and post-thrombotic syndrome. The toll is not merely in lives lost but in the impact on the quality of life for those who endure.

    The challenge lies in the limitations of existing therapies, haunted by the spectre of high bleed rates combined with major adverse events that compromise their safety and temper their efficacy. For too long, clinicians have been hampered by the constraints of available treatments, leaving patients vulnerable to the ravages of this silent killer.

    Enter Thrombolex. In a landmark collaboration with Temple University, Thrombolex unveiled its revolutionary BASHIR™ Endovascular catheters in 2020, heralding a new era in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases. This groundbreaking family of endovascular catheters has demonstrated unprecedented clinical efficacy, offering a beacon of hope to patients and practitioners alike.

    In a multicentre clinical trial (RESCUE) involving 109 patients with pulmonary embolism, the BASHIR™ endovascular catheters showed unparalleled efficacy and safety compared to prior studies of other contemporary devices used for treating pulmonary embolism. With outcomes poised to improve patient survival, safety, and morbidity while significantly reducing the total cost of care within the healthcare system, Thrombolex’s innovation promises to rewrite the narrative for patients worldwide.

    Riyaz Bashir, MD, FACC, RVT, said: safety profile and ease of use of this novel technology is a major milestone in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism globally. Dr Bashir is a professor of medicine, the director of an interventional cardiology fellowship, and the director of the vascular and endovascular medicine division of cardiovascular diseases at Temple University Hospital.

    Developed to address the pressing unmet clinical needs in treating thromboembolic diseases, including pulmonary embolism (PE) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), the BASHIR™ endovascular catheters represent a critical leap forward in medical science. With approximately $100bn in healthcare treatment costs globally, the urgency of this technology’s introduction cannot be overstated.

    Dr Riyaz Bashir, professor of medicine and director of vascular and endovascular medicine at Temple University Hospital
    Riyaz Bashir, MD, invented a new med device on its way to full FDA approval. © Temple University

    Innovative design of the BASHIR™ catheters

    The innovative design of the BASHIR™ catheters is the fruit of a collaboration between Thrombolex and Dr Bashir. Differentiated by its ease of use, superior efficacy, and excellent safety profile, this platform technology promises to democratise access to life-saving treatment, transcending geographic and infrastructural barriers. Dr Bashir said: “The unique design of this device allows treatment with a very low dose of clot-dissolving medicine, which has the potential to markedly expand the role of this therapy in improving outcomes of these patients.”

    With eight FDA-cleared devices currently in its product line, Thrombolex’s patented design boasts an expandable infusion basket that promptly restores blood flow and uniformly delivers low-dose medication at the site of the clot. Thrombolex has recently developed a breakthrough therapy protocol to treat patients in a single session, eliminating the need for an ICU stay, reducing the dosage of medication and further benefiting hospitals that are already resource-constrained. The catheters’ ease of use and significantly lower costs offer a lifeline to healthcare institutions grappling with the burden of treating patients with venous thromboembolic disorders.

    Temple University’s international reach

    As Thrombolex looks to expand its reach beyond the shores of the United States, eyes turn to Europe, a key market ripe for innovation. With over 50 institutions actively utilising BASHIR™ catheters in the US and a market penetration rate far below potential, the promise of Thrombolex’s groundbreaking platform technology is poised to shine bright on the global stage.

    In the relentless pursuit of progress, Thrombolex stands at the vanguard of medical innovation, offering hope to millions and paving the way for a future where blood clots are no longer a silent killer but a conquered foe. Michael Cerminaro, co-founder, president, and CEO of Thrombolex, said: “We are very proud of our partnership with Temple University and the co-inventor of our novel platform technology, Dr Riyaz Bashir.”

    He stated: “Our new RAPID-PE clinical study for the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism in a single session is a testament to our dedication to clinical research and an opportunity for us to have a material positive impact on the field of medicine.”

    While Temple University nurtures homegrown innovators like Thrombolex, Philadelphia itself beckons to European enterprises seeking expansion into the Americas. Temple’s European Network of Research and Innovations Centers and Hubs (‘Enrich’) Virtual Landing programme provides a seamless gateway for European tech entrepreneurs to establish North American operations. This initiative offers tailored support, facilitating integration into industry-specific ecosystems and providing essential business development assistance, including product road mapping.  An example is a company called Splendo Health, which is engaging with cardiologists and Temple Hospital to validate their concept for the US healthcare market.

    BASHIR™ endovascular catheter. © Temple University

    Moreover, the Sbarro Health Research Organization (SHRO), nestled within the Innovation Nest, spearheads international programming and networking initiatives. This impactful collaboration elevates the global impact of both institutions in research and innovation. The Innovation Nest stands as a testament to the power of partnership and was made possible through the unwavering financial support of both the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and SHRO.

    With each groundbreaking partnership and every pioneering endeavour, Temple University continues to carve out a path toward a future defined by progress and possibility. In an ever-evolving landscape of higher education, this institution stands poised to lead the way, shaping not only its own legacy but also the trajectory of innovation on a global scale. With international campuses in Japan and Rome as well as spinouts eyeing international expansion, Temple’s influence is set to transcend beyond Philadelphia and redefine the realms of possibility for diverse communities.

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • Pioneering sustainable practices with global impact

    Pioneering sustainable practices with global impact

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    Four Point is taking its expertise in implementing AI in mining practices and bringing it to Europe to upgrade efficiency and sustainability in the face of green targets.

    The mining sector, essential for producing raw materials for various industries, is undergoing a transformative shift thanks to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning.

    These technologies are revolutionising exploration and extraction methods, enhancing both sustainability and efficiency across the industry.

    Europe: The need to bridge the AI gap

    In Europe, there is an acute urgency to integrate AI into mining practices. Despite having a rich industrial base and numerous supply chain projects, these regions are lagging, especially compared to the Americas, where AI integration in mining has become more advanced.

    Businesses in the Americas have recognised that the competitive edge lies in leveraging AI to streamline operations and enhance decision-making processes. This stark disparity underscores a critical need for Europe to accelerate their AI adoption and remain competitive in the global market.

    Combined mineral mapping results for the Sierra Gorda comuna (Chile)

    Mining sector faces innovation challenges as established companies hold back, new study finds

    A recent study from Australia-based resources industry researcher State of Play has shed light on a significant issue within the mining sector: The reluctance of large mining companies to innovate, leaving explorers reliant on established players. The study, encapsulated in a comprehensive 78-page report, emphasises that nearly 90% of industry professionals believe that explorers are not at the forefront of developing new processes. Instead, 60% argue that major and mid-tier miners should spearhead innovation.

    The researchers attribute the high-risk nature of exploration as a major reason why larger operators have curtailed their exploratory endeavors. A survey included in the study, which encompassed responses from 720 miners, suppliers, government officials, investors, and researchers across 50 countries, revealed that risk appetite was a major deterrent, significantly affecting the rate of exploration. The study also points to a profound disconnect between explorers and those dictating the future of exploration technology and methods, underlining a pressing need for a rethink in strategy and support.

    Four Point innovates with AI to transform exploration

    Contrasting with the broader industry’s slow pace of innovation, Four Point is making strides with its advanced alteration mineral mapping technology, enhanced significantly using Generative AI and novel techniques. This technology allows mineral exploration companies to understand the geology and mineralisation of the areas they operate in more accurately and efficiently.

    “We’re eliminating a lot of fieldwork,” explains a Four Point spokesperson, “with our technology, geologists can obtain and work on alteration mineral maps, even in adverse conditions like snow cover.”

    Four Point’s business is divided into two main segments: the TerraEye Platform, which provides unmatched capabilities in alteration mineral mapping, and an early detection system for environmental impacts used in monitoring open-pit mines and tailings ponds. The company has also developed digital twins for these applications, enhancing the planning and monitoring phases of mining operations.

    By sourcing data from satellite companies and applying deep learning technologies, Four Point can identify 22 different types of alteration minerals based on how the earth’s surface reflects or absorbs light. These insights are crucial for explorers to pinpoint areas of interest for more detailed investigation, potentially leading to significant discoveries.

    As we look at vast expanses, the ability to remotely pinpoint target areas using satellite-based data is invaluable. This not only saves time but reduces the environmental impact of ground-level exploration. This juxtaposition of an industry-wide innovation bottleneck with Four Point’s forward-thinking approach underscores the potential for technology-driven transformation in mining, suggesting a path forward that could reshape exploration strategies and operational efficiencies worldwide.

    Four Point’s models evolution

    Foundation models: Transforming mining on a global scale

    Four Point’s AI Foundation Model serves as a blueprint for how AI can be effectively utilised in mining.

    Trained on diverse datasets, this model enables companies to conduct environmental monitoring, predictive analytics, and resource management with unprecedented accuracy.

    Such capabilities are crucial as Europe aims to achieve its 2030 targets for raw material independence and sustainability.

    The competitive edge of AI in mining

    The use of AI in mining not only streamlines the identification and extraction of resources but also provides significant environmental benefits. AI models can predict where to find resources with minimal environmental disruption, significantly reducing the area affected by mining operations. Furthermore, AI can optimise the use of resources and energy within mining processes, leading to less waste and lower emissions.

    The necessity of speed in AI integration

    For Europe to catch up with the advancements seen in the Americas, rapid integration and scaling of AI technologies in mining are essential.

    This means not only adopting existing technologies but also investing in the development of new AI solutions tailored to the unique geological and regulatory environments found in European countries.

    Left: Data and results management process Right: stakeholders triangle

    Policy and investment support

    Government policies and investments play a pivotal role in facilitating the adoption of AI in mining. Policies that support research and development in AI provide incentives for adopting green technologies and create a favourable environment for digital innovation, which can accelerate the adoption of AI in the mining sector.

    Additionally, investments in AI education and training can equip the current and future workforce with the necessary skills to implement and leverage AI technologies effectively.

    Collaborative efforts for integration of AI in mining

    Collaboration between tech companies, mining corporations, and governmental bodies is crucial for the successful integration of AI in mining. Partnerships can leverage different strengths and perspectives, leading to more innovative solutions and more effective implementation.

    These collaborations can also help align the objectives of profitability and sustainability, ensuring that the benefits of AI in mining are realised across economic and environmental dimensions.

    For Europe to close the competitive gap with the Americas, adopting and integrating AI in mining is imperative. Four Point’s success story provides a compelling template for how AI can not only enhance operational efficiency but also foster sustainability.

    As Europe advances towards its strategic raw material goals, embracing AI technologies will be pivotal in ensuring the mining sector meets future demands responsibly and innovatively, aligning economic activities with environmental stewardship for lasting global impact.

    The journey towards AI-enhanced mining is not just a pathway to economic resilience but also a commitment to sustainable development in the face of global environmental challenges.

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • Pulsar Helium Inc: Fighting the helium shortage

    Pulsar Helium Inc: Fighting the helium shortage

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    Pulsar Helium Inc’s Topaz Minnesota project is well positioned to help alleviate the global helium shortage.

    In February this year, Pulsar Helium Inc (Pulsar) announced extraordinarily high helium concentrations of up to 13.8% from its Jetstream #1 appraisal well drilled at its Topaz project in Minnesota.

    This has positioned Topaz as the highest-concentration helium discovery in North America and expectations are high for its upcoming work programmes.

    Cliff Cain, CEO of the Edelgas Group (an international gas advisor firm engaged by Pulsar), commented: “Comparing this to our extensive database for helium occurrences around the world, we are pleased to say the results from the Jetstream #1 appraisal well are the highest helium concentrations that we have ever seen. This marks an important milestone for Pulsar and we are delighted with such a positive outcome for our client.”

    Jetstream #1 is located only 50ft from LOD-6, a hole drilled in 2011 by a mineral exploration team looking for nickel. Hole LOD-6 unexpectedly encountered a gas accumulation at 1,760 feet below ground level. After the well blew the core barrel and drilling fluid out of the hole, the gas was sampled, primarily to see if it was explosive, and it was found to contain approximately 10.5% helium by concentration.

    The gas flowed freely for four days, with no apparent decrease in pressure until it was capped. A recent interview conducted with David Oliver, who helped cap LOD-6 described the venting gas as “screaming like a jet engine.”

    Pulsar is the first mover in the exciting new helium district of Minnesota, having drilled Jetstream #1, it has also acquired important geophysical data in the Topaz project and is in the process of acquiring further seismic, gravity and magnetic geophysical data.

    This broad compilation of data has suggested additional areas of potential interest, as such, the company has been actively consolidating its land position. Further well operations will occur at Jetstream #1 this month (May 2024) with acquisition of additional down-hole logging data and pressure build-up and flow testing operations.

    Upon completion of the May work programme at Jetstream #1, the data gathered by Pulsar will be shared with Sproule International Limited, an independent consulting and advisory firm, to conduct a resource calculation update for the Topaz project.

    helium shortage

    The helium shortage is causing a reliance on non-US sources

    In the past 25 years, the production of helium in the US has decreased. In 1999, the US produced 118m cubic meters; in 2023, just 59 cubic metres were produced.

    In contrast, 2023 saw the highest consumption of helium in the US for over a decade, with the aerospace, electronics, and medical sectors by far the biggest consumers.

    Until recently, the US was the largest supplier of helium, with the world’s largest stand-alone repository, the Federal Helium Reserve. Earlier this year, the Federal Helium Reserve (est. 1925) was privatised but is a shadow of its former self, once holding over 44 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of helium, but since plummeting to approximately 4Bcf today.

    As the global helium shortage persists, the world becomes more reliant on non-US sources. The Russian natural gas company Gazprom is working toward achieving full operational capacity in 2025.

    Meanwhile, Qatar is now the world’s largest helium-producing nation. Both these sources contain inherent risks for helium consumers in the US, including distance to travel (helium is a small atomic size and likes to leak) and geopolitical risk (the Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017-2021 and sanctions on Russia).

    With the helium shortage continuing, Pulsar is advancing its discovery at the Topaz project in Minnesota to determine its potential to contribute to US supply and provide a safer domestic alternative for consumers.

    helium shortage

    As recently detailed in the MIT Tech Review, the era of cheap helium is over, with its price nearly doubling since 2020 from $7.57 per cubic meter (Pcm) to highs of $14Pcm in 2023.

    Research conducted by the Edelgas Group suggests that global helium requirement is estimated to increase from 6.1Bcf in 2023 to 8.1Bcf in 2030, with the following fast-growth sectors requiring significant quantities of helium:

    Medical technology

    Helium plays a crucial role in medical treatments requiring enhanced oxygen intake, such as addressing upper airway obstruction in conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

    Additionally, helium is essential for the operation of MRI scanners, where liquid helium cools the superconducting magnets within the machines.

    Notably, the medical sector stands as one of the foremost consumers of helium, highlighting its pivotal role in advancing healthcare technology.

    Consumer technology

    Helium is essential in the manufacturing and assembly of many electronic devices. It serves multiple critical roles in semiconductor fabrication, crucially important chips that can be found in thousands of products, including artificial intelligence (AI), computers, smartphones, appliances, gaming hardware, and household entertainment systems.

    Helium is also employed as a purge gas to establish clean environments, eliminate contaminants, and ensure controlled atmospheres, which is vital during microchip manufacturing.

    Aerospace

    Liquid helium is used as a pressure agent for cryogenic fuel tanks in space rockets. As the rocket burns fuel, the fuel tank is purged with liquid helium to maintain pressure. When you see a rocket on the launch pad with gas emanating from its side, it is likely to be helium boiling at -268.9ºC.

    helium shortage

    In addition to the primary markets listed above, helium is in increasing demand across a variety of burgeoning frontier markets, including:

    Drones

    Drone electronics, including flight controllers, sensors, communication systems, and navigation modules all require the integration of semiconductors, enabling drones to operate autonomously, navigate complex environments, and execute missions with precision.

    Advanced semiconductor technologies, such as microprocessors and integrated circuits, empower drones with computational capabilities, enabling real-time data processing, image recognition, and decision-making algorithms.

    Lasers

    Widely used across the manufacturing, transportation, and military sectors, helium is integral for many types of laser, and are critical for cooling, ranging and targeting. The fibre laser market is projected to grow by 145% between 2019 – 2030.

    Data storage

    By 2025, it is estimated that 181 zettabytes (181 trillion gigabytes) will be created, captured, copied & consumed globally. Since 2013, cost-effective & highly efficient helium hard drives have been essential for powering high-volume data storage centres.

    Robotics

    Helium is used extensively in the manufacturing of semiconductors which play a crucial role in robotics. Semiconductors (specifically microcontrollers and microprocessors) constitute the brain of a robot. They’re responsible for processing instructions, controlling movements, and managing various tasks enabling robots to execute complex algorithms and make decisions based on sensor input.

    Renewables

    Battery technology is playing an increasingly pivotal role in the ‘green energy transition’. Battery storage technologies enable energy from renewables to be stored and then released when the power is needed most, helping maintain balance between supply and demand within the power system.

    Helium is commonly used in leak detection tests during battery cell, module, and pack production processes.

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • Corrosion resistance in molten salt environments

    Corrosion resistance in molten salt environments

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    Virginia Commonwealth University is developing innovative metal treatments to increase corrosion resistance in molten salt systems, improving cost-efficiency and reducing waste.

    Corrosion of materials is a major aspect of many countries’ economic status, regularly reported as over 3% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and between $2-3tr.1,2

    Many corrosion studies have been done by a myriad of universities and national labs across molten salt reactors (MSRs), pyro-processing systems and concentrated solar plant (CSP) salts.3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

    While the variety of molten salts across this spectrum have distinct properties that make them excel in their individual fields, the underlying issue of corrosion and the need for corrosion resistance can be seen throughout them all, particularly in how the mechanism for corrosion resistance is based in the alloy content of the least noble element and preventing its dissolution.3

    At a molecular level, the ionic nature and high temperature of molten salt systems create a uniquely aggressive and corrosive operating environment. In an attempt to subdue this damage and decrease corrosion losses, high-cost material alloys, chemical/electrical redox potential control, and various metal treatments are among previously tested solutions.

    Pre-treatment to form oxide layers via high-temperature oxidation atmospheres has proven useful in CSP studies, and laser ablation treatments within the automotive industry have shown corrosion resistance improvements.11,12,13

    By utilising metal treatments like laser ablation to fine-tune oxide layer application, increased corrosion resistance can be developed to prevent the dissolution at the heart of salt system material loss.3

    Corrosion explained

    Corrosion is an electrochemical reaction, often on the surface of a metal, that can be described as destructive and unintentional.14 A full electrical circuit is made between two metals with an electrochemical potential difference, bridged by a conductor on one side and the ions of a molten salt electrolyte on the other (see Fig. 1 below).15

    Fig. 1: An electrochemical cell with corrosion happening on the anode (left) and deposition on the cathode (right)17

    The potential difference removes electrons from the metal with the lower reduction potential, causing a positive ion of that metal to separate from the anode. This electrode corrodes. Following the electrical path, an electron from the other electrode is attracted to a positive metal ion in the salt solution, creating a neutral metal atom that deposits on that electrode. This second electrode, where deposition happens, is the cathode.

    In the case of corrosion in molten salt environments, the metals of the equipment are anodes that dissolve via oxidation, and impurities (like moisture, oxygen, or fission products) are cathodically reduced. 3

    Some materials, when subjected to high temperature, high pH or high energy interactions like laser ablation in the presence of oxidants, will undergo a layer of corrosion at the surface.16,17 This reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction will create a layer of scale across the surface of the metal that requires a higher electrochemical potential difference in order to corrode, if it is possible at all.

    This reaction is referred to as passive corrosion or, in terms of the scale specifically, can be referred to as creating a passivation layer. Though less effective when incomplete and porous, creating a solid, fully-formed oxide layer prior to use in the environment can ensure that the layer is fully passivating prior to being subjected to the harsh environment.

    By achieving this passivation, the surface becomes resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion that may be otherwise caused by imperfections in the surface layer and impurities in the environment.18 Active metals with porous layers are prone to localised attack with relatively high rates of corrosion due to the inequality of diffusion and consumption rates of oxidants in the melt.19

    In the event of a fully formed, protective scale, the corrosion rate is limited by the transportation of metal ions rather than the diffusion of oxidants.19

    Passivation to prevent corrosion

    Many studies have pointed to passivation as a means of corrosion prevention based on its ability to block active sites on alloy surfaces.3,4,19,20,21,22,23,24 Specifically, layers are likely to naturally form on many alloys when used in molten salt systems.

    However, these layers are generally porous and incomplete due to impurities within the salt, causing localised oxidant attacks.19,15 The Gomez-Vidal, Guo and Chowdari groups point to aluminium oxide layers as effective passivation barriers against chromium dissolution as the predominant mechanism in high-temperature salt corrosion.3,11,5

    It is likely, however, that the oxygen content or energy distribution of the passivation method was lacking in the attempts researched by Gomez-Vidal et al., as evidenced by the unstable alumina layers present and spalling during thermal cycling and Cr depletion after testing was completed.12 This depletion can likely be attributed to the presence of porous oxide layers rather than the desired complete layers.

    Analysing data like Nyquist plots, the corrosion resistance of porous passivation layers is generally higher than that of bare, active metal.25 However, unless the parameters of the system are such that it will facilitate a full film, over time, the corrosion resistance of the material decreases due to the deterioration of the partial layer.

    A fully formed layer will have a much longer lasting and more significant corrosion resistance (as seen by the Nyquist plot studies shown in Zeng, Wang, and Wu’s 2001 work) without the diffusion and subsequent electrolyte resistance increase.19 These are representative of lower, long-term corrosion rates.

    Because of the success of layer formation in high-temperature CSP environments, as well as the decrease in corrosion rates due to laser ablation of automotive aluminium joints, utilisation of laser ablation on nuclear-based materials to be used in molten salt appears feasible. Beyond current work being done on the subject, plasma-sprayed aluminium coatings in aqueous chloride environments have already shown decreased corrosion rates on steel.12

    Additionally, the minimisation of environmental control requirements and ultimate adjustability of laser parameters in the application of passivation layers over different sizes, shapes and materials bodes well for increased usability.

    By being able to fine-tune the application of oxidation layers specifically to ionisation energies of the desired material, passivation layers most likely to prevent alloy dissolution are expected to not only be feasible but repeatable at lower costs than temperature-based methods or currently recommended alloys.

    © shutterstock/Mike_shots

    Utilising lasers

    Laser ablation is the use of focused photons at certain energies to create a high-power-density plasma at a sample’s surface.  This energy is transferred to the material through thermal conduction, radiative transfer and shockwave heating, ultimately ejecting particles and ions from the surface.26

    It is characterised by small ablation craters along the material surface, proportional to the laser beam diameter. When used in the application of oxidation layers, the high temperature of the plasma at the surface can also break atmospheric oxygen bonds, allowing the oxide to form from ejected metal ions and environmental oxygen ions. As the plasma cools and energy is released, the formed oxides deposit on the sample surface.

    The adjustment and combination of laser parameters, including laser diameter/spot size, wavelength, spacing/overlap, etc., directly affects the energy deposited and, subsequently, the ability to form oxide layers in addition to their thickness. The latter is also directly affected by oxygen partial pressure in the application environment.11

    High-temperature environments at low oxygen partial pressures created dense and smooth alpha phase alumina, most likely to create fully formed passivation layers, whereas higher partial pressures showed mixed-oxide and theta phase alumina, which proved to be non-protective.11

    This smooth, fully formed, protective layer will not only minimise corrosion potential but ideally present primarily terrace ions for dissolution, minimising the more readily available kink sites.3

    An evolving solution

    Reducing the corrosion of the array of metallic alloys used for molten salt systems is of significant importance to our society and economy.

    The current state of the literature regarding this field shows a varied and in-depth range of experimental testing, but it can always use improvement.

    The implementation of innovative approaches to corrosion resistance and passivation is vital to improving corrosion mitigation and the overall state of corrosion damage not only in this field but across the engineering spectrum.

    The utilisation of laser ablation as a precise and flexible means of applying passivation layers stands to reduce the cost of materials required to employ molten salts in solar and reactor power, as well as the future of fuel waste recycling.

    References

    1. B Fuente, I Díaz, J Simancas Morcillo M Annual atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel worldwide. An integration of ISOCORRAG ICP/UNECE and MICAT databases. Materials, 10 (2017), p. 601
    2. Kania, Henryk. “Corrosion and Anticorrosion of Alloys/Metals: The Important Global Issue.” Coatings 13, no. 2 (2023): 216
    3. Guo, Shaoqiang, Jinsuo Zhang, Wei Wu, and Wentao Zhou. “Corrosion in the molten fluoride and chloride salts and materials development for nuclear applications.” Progress in Materials Science 97 (2018): 448-487
    4. Chowdari, Jagadeeswara Rao, and Sublime Ningshen. “Molten salt corrosion of candidate materials in LiCl–KCl eutectic for pyrochemical reprocessing applications: a review.” Corrosion Reviews 41, no. 2 (2023): 117-141
    5. Alimgulov, Ruslan R., Anastasia I. Trubcheninova, Aleksandr V. Abramov, Arkadiy Yu Zhilyakov, Sergey V. Belikov, Oleg I. Rebrin, and Ilya B. Polovov. “Corrosion of Metallic Materials in 3LiCl-2KCl and 3LiCl-2KCl-UCl3.” ECS Transactions 98, no. 10 (2020): 307
    6. Park, Jun Woo, and Jong-Il Yun. “Corrosion Behaviors of SS316 and Ni-base Alloys in Molten LiCl-KCl Salt at High Temperature.” order 101, no. 001: 111
    7. Shankar, A. Ravi, A. Kanagasundar, and U. Kamachi Mudali. “Corrosion of nickel-containing alloys in molten LiCl-KCl medium.” Corrosion 69, no. 1 (2013): 48-57
    8. Jia, Yanhong, Shuangshuang Chang, Xin Du, and Shaoqiang Guo. “Corrosion Performance of Commercial Alloys and Refractory Metals in Conditions for Electrorefining of Spent Nuclear Fuels.” Crystals 13, no. 5 (2023): 817
    9. Ghaznavi, Touraj, Suraj Y. Persaud, and Roger C. Newman. “Electrochemical corrosion studies in molten chloride salts.” Journal of the Electrochemical Society 169, no. 6 (2022): 061502
    10. Zhongdi, Yu, Jinping Wu, Wei Liu, Wei Zai, Longfei Xie, and Meng Cao. “Interfacial Corrosion Behavior of the Hastelloy N and C276 Alloy in Molten Licl-Kcl Salt at 550° C.” Available at SSRN 4365732
    11. Gomez-Vidal, J. C., A. G., Fernandez, R., Tirawat, C. Turchi, and W., Huddleston. “Corrosion resistance of alumina-forming alloys against molten chlorides for energy production. I: Pre-oxidation treatment and isothermal corrosion tests.” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 166 (2017): 222-233
    12. J.C. Gomez-Vidal, A.G. Fernandez, R. Tirawat, C. Turchi and W. Huddleston. “Corrosion Resistance of Alumina Forming Alloys Against Molten Chlorides for Energy Production. II: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Under Thermal Cycling Conditions,” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 166, 234–245 (2017)
    13. H. Wan, J. Lin and J. Min. “Effect of Laser Ablation Treatment on Corrosion Resistance of Adhesive-Bonded Al Alloy Joints,” Surface and Coatings Technology, 345, 13-21 (2018)
    14. Materials Science and Engineering AN INTRODUCTION WILLIAM D. CALLISTER, JR. DAVID G. RETHWISCH (2018,) 10th edition. | Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, [2018]
    15. Denny A. Jones (1996) Principles and Prevention of Corrosion. Prentice Hall
    16. Protectiveness, morphology and composition of corrosion products formed on carbon steel in the presence of Cl−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in high-pressure CO2 environments Yong Hua*, Amir Shamsa, Richard Barker, Anne Neville Applied Surface Science 455 (2018) 667–682
    17. Torbatisarraf, Seyedhamidreza, “Effect of Microstructure on Corrosion of Structural and Advanced Alloys” (2019). All Dissertations. 2652.
    18. Investigation on the efficiency of corrosion inhibitor in CO2 corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of iron carbonate scale Mehdi Javidi*, Reza Chamanfar, Shima Bekhrad Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 61 (2019) 197–205
    19. Zeng CL, Wang W, Wu WT (2001) Electrochemical impedance models for molten salt corrosion. Corrosion Science 43:787-801.
    20. Srdjan Nešić, Key issues related to modelling of internal corrosion of oil and gas pipelines – A review, Corrosion Science, Volume 49, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 4308-4338, ISSN 0010-938X
    21. Corrosion of carbon steel and the passivating properties of corrosion films formed under high-PT geothermal conditions Niklas Mundhenka Kevin G. Knaussa Siva R.S. Bandarub Robert Wonnebergerc Thomas M. Devineb Science of The Total Environment Volume 677, 10 August 2019, Pages 307-314
    22. Protectiveness, morphology and composition of corrosion products formed on carbon steel in the presence of Cl−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in high-pressure CO2 environments Yong Hua*, Amir Shamsa, Richard Barker, Anne Neville Applied Surface Science 455 (2018) 667–682
    23. Cement and Concrete Composites Volume 112, September 2020, 103661 Mechanistic study on initial passivation and surface chemistry of steel bars in nano-silica cement pastes Haibing Zhenga Chi Sun Poona Weihua Libc
    24. Study of the passivation of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution using scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) H. Torbati-Sarrafa A. Poursaeeb Materialia Volume 2, October 2018, Pages 19-22
    25. V. Venegas, F. Caleyo, T. Baudin, J.H. Espina-Hernández, J.M. Hallen, On the role of crystallographic texture in mitigating hydrogen-induced cracking in pipeline steels, Corrosion Science, Volume 53, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 4204-4212, ISSN 0010-938X
    26. Singh, J. P., & Thakur, S. N. (Eds.). (2020). Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Elsevier

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • Building up the success of lithium-ion batteries

    Building up the success of lithium-ion batteries

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    Lithium-ion energy storage is one of the most promising technologies for the transition to clean energy. Springboarding straight from its success on the Sintbat project, the ECO2LIB consortium is upgrading its breakthroughs further.

    In 2019, the Sintbat project was declared a success, as the consortium created a cheap, low-maintenance lithium-ion energy system that targets a lifetime of 20 years.

    Towards the end of that same year, the consortium announced the ECO²LIB project. Designed to upgrade what they had already achieved in Sintbat, the project runs from 2020 to 2024 and was approved for funding from Horizon2020.

    The importance of energy storage

    Reducing costs is at the heart of the ECO²LIB project. The European Association for the Storage of Energy’s report estimates that by 2050, Europe alone will require 600GW of energy storage, and is currently running behind the deployment of sustainable energy producers.

    Furthermore, solar energy is an example of meteorologically dependent energy production, meaning that there are peak periods and low periods of production. As such, energy storage will be required to take on the excessive energy produced and provide energy in the low periods when the meteorological methods are not producing enough.

    Therefore, creating the most efficient and cost-effective energy storage possible is of the utmost importance in creating a world running on sustainable energy. In that sense, the total cost of ownership (€/kWh/cycle) is a relevant factor for rapid market penetration, i.e., technology transition. That is what the ECO²LIB project is for.

    Taking innovation further

    Our Ambition

    The target was the introduction of advanced functional materials and sustainable processes into the commercially relevant 21700 cell format. To gradually improve towards scalable cell technology, an iterative approach via three cell generations was chosen. On that mission, the CoinPower® cell served as an optimal test vehicle to gather data on mass-production capability and cylindrical cell geometry while saving on raw material consumption.

    There are several aspects to this project, comprising the development of the entire lifecycle of the energy storage cell, and they are designed to reduce cost further and increase efficiency. These include:

    Increasing the energy density and cycle life

    To fulfil the targeted parameters of 800 Wh/L and an increased life span of a stationary storage device beyond 15 years, the careful selection and tweaking of the materials, primarily silicon-based, in the construction of these cells ensures that the balance between cost and efficiency is maintained and optimised consistently.

    Testing electrode and cell models

    With the prior-selected materials, electrodes were constructed and tested, the best layout, system, and materials were determined, and any issues that needed addressing were identified. Finding the appropriate materials took a lot of work, and the materials used changed several times throughout the project.

    lithium-ion energy storage

    Requirements specification, prototyping, and demonstration

    The specific requirements for use cases have been identified, and prototypes have been developed based on those requirements. The consortium mainly focuses on home storage applications. Therefore, a new energy storage system has been developed and will
    be exploited.

    Recycling

    An enhanced recycling process has been developed for the end of the cell’s lifecycle to reduce the costs and materials needed to produce new cells.

    Recent developments

    Currently, the project is near its finish point. Electrodes and electrolytes have successfully been produced and have achieved the required energy density. The battery module was also developed and optimised, and the basic recycling process was completed. Additionally, for the cathode, a water-born process has been successfully proven to be applicable to a small pilot line. The reduced potting time limited the transfer to large pilot facilities, though. Thus, some further optimisation is needed before mass production readiness is reached.

    More recently, prototyping and modelling of several items, including the second generation of CoinPower®1254 cells, were completed. One of the main project goals was the successful introduction of silicon-heavy anodes on a pilot scale and the demonstration thereof in commercially relevant cell formats.

    The ECO²LIB ambition was to source the best available Si-material on the market to fulfil set KPIs, which increase by their difficulty level per iteration cycle. In 2020, a µm-Si silicon (Gen.1-material) has been chosen to achieve a Si-dominant anode >50%Si. The target of 10% capacity increase and 70% cycle life capacity retention after 300 cycles was achieved in the first cell generation. It is notable that it was difficult to reach the project targets using the chosen µm-Si in the second cell generation, though. Luckily, at that time, advanced Si-material types became available on the market.

    A supplier was found that was able to provide the necessary amount of silicon-carbon composite of the second generation, i.e., silicon encapsulated in a porous host structure to breathe but protected by a carbon layer from parasitic side reactions. The investigation has progressed into producing the slurry, electrodes and cells on a pilot scale, proofing a 42% capacity increase over the state-of-the-art. Based on this, a cycle life of 875 full cycles for 70% capacity retention was achieved. Moreover, at its 70% capacity fade, the cell still comprises higher energy than the commercial graphite reference in the same cell type. This is the first benchmark of such a material class under a publicly funded project, proving the case for silicon-heavy anodes.

    Besides this achievement, it is notable that there are very limited sources worldwide for these Gen. 2-SiC-materials. Thus, it is relevant to continue the research on such high-performance Si anodes for the European market.

    A second 21700 cell generation of this advanced SiC-material was also successfully created. Although there were higher failure rates than desired and the performance was slightly below the calculated target, the required improvements have been identified. Learning from this experience, the production of the third generation of this cell type is well on track to achieve the target of 800 Wh/L, utilising only standard NMC622 as cathode.

    The development was made possible by the support of simulation and advanced analytical techniques. For example, synchrotron studies on cylindrical CoinPower® cells provided exciting insights into macroscale deformation mechanisms induced by Si-rich areas. A thorough slurry control dispersing the agglomeratedm<50µm remedies these defects. Results will very soon be published in Energy & Environmental Science.

    Several aspects of the modules have been tested, including safety shutdowns, thermal characterisation, storage tests at various temperatures, lifespan tests, short circuit measurements, and drop tests. The module design is fully validated and is ready for project cell implementation. The launch of the new VARTAwall home storage system is expected in mid-2024.

    Work is ongoing on factors such as electrolyte optimisation or the current collectors. The 3D copper current collectors require further development to boost their mechanical stability. Additional developments have been made in the recycling process, and all ECO²LIB-technologies have been assessed by a profound LCA and LCC analysis.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, silicon-dominated anodes were the most crucial development, providing the qualities needed to successfully develop the cell into the efficient energy storage required. Having started with a more abundant Gen.1 Si-material, it was quickly found that this couldn’t quite fulfil the criteria. Instead, a non-EU material was applied to achieve much better results. As such, further research into batteries and their materials is critical and will lead the EU forward in this sector.

    © VARTA Storage GmbH

    In summary, the ECO²LIB project is well underway and developing lithium-ion cells that excel at their role: storing sustainable energy, directing it to where it needs to go, and preventing any intermittency issues. The results are getting better every day, and it will be exciting to see the final achievements at the end of the project.

    This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 875514.

     

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • Building a cleaner future for energy-intensive industries through composite materials

    Building a cleaner future for energy-intensive industries through composite materials

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    The CEM-WAVE Project is developing high-performing composite materials by applying novel technologies and integrating renewable energies to lead the shift of cleaner manufacturing in heavy industry.

    The CEM-WAVE project addresses Europe’s need for advanced composite materials that can withstand harsh conditions. It will facilitate the transition to renewable energy while ensuring high efficiency.

    In this framework, Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) represent one of the latest and most promising solutions due to their high toughness, low density, high thermal stress resistance and chemical inertness. Due to the high raw materials and processing costs, CMCs are currently employed only in niche areas.

    Therefore, in CEM-WAVE, our first aim is to introduce to European industries an innovative CMC production process based on Microwave-assisted Chemical Vapour Infiltration (MW-CVI) technologies, making CMC application sustainable for process industries in energy-intensive sectors such as steelmaking.

    The final goal will be to test a CMC tubular-shaped prototype to be applied in future relevant environments characterised by fuel mixtures with increasing hydrogen contents for their application in radiant tube furnaces in steelmaking industries.

    The CEM-WAVE consortium

    The CEM-WAVE consortium is comprised of 13 partners from academia and industry, and brings together European expertise in various fields that are crucial for the project’s success. These include:

    • Flexible ceramic fibre coating and preforms manufacturing routes.
    • Developing rapid and simplified joining technologies for complex CMC components production.
    • Upgrading the MW-CVI process with the latest MW Solid-State Generators (SSGs) to finely adjust the MW heating parameters and automate the technology.
    • Characterising the thermo-mechanical and corrosion resistance of CMCs in relevant environments.
    • Numerical modelling of the MW-CVI process for optimising processing parameters and scale-up.

    Recent developments in composite materials

    As the 48-month CEM WAVE project nears completion, numerous challenges have been tackled to enable efficient composite material application. A first crucial step dealt with the development of CMC preforms reinforced by uniformly coated oxide and non-oxide ceramic fibres displaying suitable levels of open porosity for the subsequent matrix infiltration by a MW-CVI process at the University of Pisa (UNIPI) and the University of Birmingham (UoB).

    In this first step, Fraunhofer ISC (FHF) developed CMC tubular preforms using the wet-filament winding technique. A highly reproducible and cost-efficient process was demonstrated, with a high potential for further scale-up.

    Archer Technicoat Ltd (ATL) developed the previous design and installation of novel upgrades to the existing SiC-based MW-CVI systems at both UNIPI and UoB. These upgrades enhanced the deposition of pyrolytic carbon interphases for SiCf/SiC CMCs at UNIPI and a novel MW-CVI setup at UoB for the deposition of a range of matrix materials for oxide CMCs, including alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZrO2).

    This was a challenge for UoB since oxide-based CMCs have rarely been made before by the MW-CVI technique due to the MW transparent properties of Al2O3 at room temperature. The issue is being resolved by applying a MW absorbing carbon coating, which allows the fibre preforms to be heated to around 600°C.

    An SSG was used to provide much greater control over the operating frequency and improve the MW heating efficiency. Whilst we have achieved the deposition of a high-purity Al2O3 matrix onto the Al2O3 fibre preform, further work is still needed to obtain high-density crystallised oxide/oxide CMCs.

    UNIPI’s upgrade of the MW-CVI process also required transitioning to MW SSGs for fast and precise operating frequency tuning during the CMC infiltration. Fricke und Mallah (FM) developed an innovative 2kW x 3MW SSGs system, fully tuneable in the 2.4-2.5 GHz ISM frequency band, which overcame several commercial device limitations.

    Initially, the frequency tuning was guided by rigorous numerical modelling of the coupled electromagnetic(EM)-thermal problem conducted by the Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF-CNR). IRIS PatBox software was then customised to automatically control the CMC sample temperature profile by adjusting the three SSGs’ operating frequency and MW power.

    A Multiport-Multifrequency approach was then developed and tested on 10x10x0.3cm³ SiCf/SiC samples to tailor the CMC temperature profile, leveraging the inside-out densification mechanism of the MW-CVI process, whose results will be published in a forthcoming paper. Future tests will focus on MW-CVI trials with tubular-shaped SiCf/SiC samples having a diameter and a height of about 10cm with a wall thickness of 0.3cm.

    CEM-WAVE further project activities

    Project activities were complemented by multi-scale multiphysics image-based modelling of the MW-CVI process to optimise infiltration time, material quality, and energy consumption. In this framework, a crucial step concerned the accurate determination of the CMC’s thermo-mechanical and high-temperature dielectric properties at relevant operating conditions, which demands complex procedures and high-level equipment.

    Specifically, the MW energy absorption characteristics of the CMC samples, crucial to determine the EM performance of the MW-CVI reactors throughout the whole process, have been characterised by measuring the dielectric properties at 2.45 GHz up to 1,000°C using a dedicated measurement system available at IPCF-CNR’s premises.

    ENEA is researching the thermomechanical characteristics of oxide and non-oxide CMCs and joining material candidates in association with the water corrosion tests, with and without Environmental Barrier Coatings (EBCs). Indeed, in post-combustion environments, the water corrosion process might progressively compromise the CMC mechanical characteristics.

    To prevent this, FHF and ATL developed suitable EBCs, and several accelerated ageing tests were performed to assess reliable performances in terms of creep and tensile and flexural strength properties evolution. In parallel, abrasion resistance measures were also performed, while Certimac (ENEA) focused on the thermophysical characteristics of coated and uncoated CMCs.

    Moreover, CNRS proposed developing a 3D-printable ceramic insert to enhance thermal transfer in the final section of radiant tubes, leveraging CNRS-LCTS expertise in coupled radiative/conductive heat transfer in porous media. The original design, adapting various geometrical parameters, aimed to optimise the heat transfer efficiency at high temperatures, including radiative heat transfer.

    Overcoming challenges such as high computer memory and CPU requirements, optimisation was achieved through a combination of modelling tools, ensuring 3D printability was another hurdle successfully addressed after confirming numerically that the design improved heat transfer efficiency and a half-scale Al2O3 prototype was printed.

    Manufacturing net-shape ceramic components for advanced design solutions necessitates large, complex parts that can withstand harsh operating conditions. Innovative glass-ceramic solutions were developed at POLITO using pressure-less joining technologies to address this. Yttrium aluminosilicate (YAS) glass ceramics were successfully utilised to join SiCf/SiC CMCs.

    Additionally, two glass-ceramic systems, with Y2Ti2O7 as their main crystalline phase, were developed for joining A2O3f /Al2O3-ZrO2 oxide-based CMCs. Results from both activities were recently published in the Journal of the European Ceramic Society.

    The end of the CEM-WAVE project

    The CEM WAVE project ends in month 48, and the final conference will be celebrated in Pisa.

    Upcoming challenges will mainly involve validating the CMC tube prototypes in a specialised pilot-scale furnace developed as part of the project by Arcelor Mittal (AMIII) to evaluate their performance for steelmaking applications. Adapting from industrial to pilot-scale has been a significant hurdle, requiring redesign and the creation of a new demonstrator for testing the CMC tubes.

    In the remaining months, FHF will continue their work on highly densified and coated oxide and non-oxide-based CMC prototype tubes to be investigated in the aforementioned furnace.

    The expected outcome includes the potential implementation of the concept in next-generation radiant tubes, presenting challenges in upscaling the size and quantity of parts, which the team is eager to address. AMIII will offer vital feedback, particularly for other energy-intensive applications undergoing a transition to renewable fuel mixtures.

    At the same time, post-mortem analysis of the tested CMC tubular samples will provide essential performance data and useful insights for further optimisation of each manufacturing step.

    This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 958170.
    The content of this document reflects only its authors’ view and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • What can we do with nuclear fuel after it’s been used?

    What can we do with nuclear fuel after it’s been used?

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    Nuclear power, and especially the material from its used fuel can be a subject of concern for many. The Innovation Platform dives a little deeper to see how concerning this material really is.

    Nuclear energy is one of the most powerful energy-production methods we currently have. Due to various factors such as their ability to run constantly (unlike some renewable generation methods that rely on, for example, weather conditions), needing less maintenance, and needing less re-fuelling, a nuclear generation plant is able to output twice as much energy as a standard coal generation plant of the same size, due to higher capacity factor.

    Yet, despite this immense potential of power, nuclear power faces a series of challenges. One of these issues is that of what to do with the nuclear fuel once it has been exhausted.

    The Innovation Platform Assistant Editor, Matt Brundrett, investigates the treatment of used nuclear fuel.

    Current methods of managing used fuel

    World Nuclear Association (WNA) has established a Sustainable Used Fuel Management Working Group, whose role is to investigate and promote the development of the management of used fuel in a sustainable manner.

    They find that, at the moment, there are two key strategies for managing used fuel before its final disposal: Interim storage and reprocessing/recycling.

    Interim storage consists of simply storing the spent nuclear fuel safely and securely, either on-site or at a different location, where it will wait to be either disposed of or reprocessed. This method has many different technologies to support it, such as dry storage or spent fuel pools. Every technique for this has its own merits and drawbacks, dependent on the location and policy of the nuclear generation plant.

    Reprocessing/recycling is a widely used technique whereby the used nuclear fuel is processed to extract uranium and plutonium. This will then be used to create new nuclear fuel for nuclear generators and can even provide materials for other nuclear applications. This is a popular choice, with sites in North America, Europe, and Asia. While the costs of this can seem high, as the market for nuclear fuel shifts, this may not always be the case.

    nuclear fuel
    © IAEA

    Of course, reprocessed or not, this will all eventually lead to the final disposal, which is expected to be via deep geological disposal. Facilities for this are under development in Finland and Sweden with others planned elsewhere. Generally, this will be through a facility known as a Deep Geological Repository (DGR). These are simple concepts with complicated executions.

    The waste is stored in a repository underground, with the purpose being to prevent radiation from reaching the surface. This means an enormous amount of blocking materials and rock is required, making these far more highly engineered than they may appear on the surface.

    Future possibilities

    The previously discussed techniques are currently the status-quo, and will likely remain so. Still, while there are very few real complaints about them, that does not mean that there is no room for improvement.

    Aaron Erim, the Programme Lead for Recycling, Decommissioning, and Waste at WNA, said: “It’s important to recognise that used nuclear fuel is not waste, and there are opportunities to recycle and re-use as part of a closed fuel cycle, much like other circular economy and sustainability initiatives. For those cases where recycling is not pursued, there are many short- and medium-term solutions already available for handling used nuclear fuel, and long term-disposal options that are close to being operational.”

    WNA’s Sustainable Used Fuel Management Working Group lists the following as potential future paths of improvement:

    • Advanced technologies for fuel recycling, including multi-recycling of valuable materials, uranium and plutonium in conventional light water reactors, or closed fuel cycle neutron reactors that make better use of natural uranium resources, reducing waste and toxicity
    • Other advanced options such as the transmutation of minor actinides show potential to further reduce waste, toxicity, and decay time of waste
    • Deep Borehole Repositories are conceptual repositories that, rather than engineering a relatively-close-to-surface repository, will simply be drilled much deeper to prevent the waste from reaching the surface. This technique would drill as much as ten times deeper than the standard DGR, but still need a lot of work to make them feasible

    Nuclear power is set for a resurgence

    According to WNA, around 60 reactors are under construction globally, with 110 more planned in the near future.

    While many people might worry about the safety of the fuel used, and its disposal, the truth is that there is very little to worry about. The science, engineering, and practice of safe reprocessing and disposal is well developed, and the potential advancements can only make them safer.

    Aspects such as this is why, coupled with renewable energy production plants, nuclear power will most likely prove critical to the transition to a more sustainable future in terms of power generation.

    References

    1. WNA | Used Fuel is Not an Obstacle to Nuclear Power
    2. Power Technology | Global nuclear power faces unprecedented challenges
    3. GOV.UK | Geological Disposal – a programme like no other
    4. Ars Technica | Could deep boreholes solve our nuclear waste problem?
    5. WNA | Plans For New Reactors Worldwide

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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  • Future-proofing urban food systems to address growing demand

    Future-proofing urban food systems to address growing demand

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    The H2020 EU funding project Cities2030, headed by the Department of Economics of Ca’Foscari University of Venice, explores the development and implementation of innovative urban food systems to address the growing demand for food in cities.

    Urbanisation has had an unprecedented impact on the environment, people, and their way of life. According to the World Bank, 56% of the global population lives in cities, and this number is estimated to reach 70% by 2050.

    Obviously, with an increasing population comes a growing need for food to sustain it. Yet, traditionally, urban areas have not been utilised for agriculture.

    However, this is slowly changing as thoughts turn to the increasing demand for food and the issues that food production presents.

    The Cities2030 project, run by Ca’Foscari University of Venice, seeks to remedy the myriad issues threatening the food supply in urban areas.

    Urban Food Systems and Ecosystems

    The primary purpose of the Cities2030 project is to develop and enhance urban food systems and Ecosystems (UFSE), effectively future-proofing the food supply and putting the consumer at the centre of solutions. This can mean several things, including making existing urban farming programmes more sustainable or creating new ones.

    This will also increase the connectivity between urban farming and City Region Food Systems to increase their output and efficiency and reduce environmental impacts.

    If utilised properly, these UFSEs will meet the demand for food and reduce the environmental impact of urban agriculture, which comes from sources such as transport and waste materials.

    Cities2030 developments

    There are many partners with projects in development dedicated to this end, including:

    Optimus Garden

    This is essentially an experiment in vertical gardening, removing a need for pesticides or even soil.

    Located in Valencia, Spain, this project sees gardens and orchards that take up very little horizontal space and can be outdoors or indoors.

    The amount of time needed to grow useable crops was also reduced by about 50% and saved 90% of the water required to grow the same in regular agriculture.

    Besides using less water and soil and causing less waste, this also shows that the supply chain can be reduced drastically, as the hydroponic system can be implemented within the city.

    © shutterstock/AYA images

    Agrotopia

    This is a rooftop greenhouse by INAGRO, located in Roeselare, Belgium. It is intended to research how to best use the tops of buildings (which will naturally receive more relatively uninterrupted sunlight) to create the most ideal and efficient growing conditions through factors such as space utilisation, water usage and recycling, and energy costs.

    Watertuun

    The practice of aquaponics combines hydroponics (growing plants in water with no soil) with aquaculture (keeping aquatic animals in tanks) by keeping the water used to grow the plants supplied with the nutrients that would otherwise be given through soil, the supply of which is helped by the animals in the water.

    Similarly to other projects, this avoids using soil, pesticides, and medicine and cuts down the supply chain by growing crops and fish in the city.

    Seestadthonig

    In a slightly different vein, urban beekeeping is being utilised in Bremerhaven, Bremen, Germany. The Seestadthonig project provides both a safe habitat for bees and a honey product for consumers, which is made right there in the city.

    With declining bee populations globally and bees being an important part of the ecosystem, this is extremely beneficial to the environment and brings new ideas about what habitats bees require to live.

    These are just some of the many projects under the Cities2030 umbrella.

    Living labs and Policy labs

    Another facet of the programme is the development of Living and Policy labs. While both work towards achieving the same goals, their focuses are different enough to warrant their separation.

    Living labs focus on innovating citizen-led action, business-led innovation, and research actions.

    On the other hand, policy labs focus on developing and implementing policies and legislation to support the creation of UFSE.

    Both Policy and Living labs are a part of different work packages (WP).

    WP4, for Policy labs, aims to:

    • Activate UFSE actors, building capacities to facilitate an efficient co-creation process.
    • Deliver policy life cycle assessments within labs, design and pilot at real scale, validate, and deploy sustainable City Region Food Systems (CRFS) policies that meet the EU FOOD2030 and UN-SDG11 policy frameworks.
    • Build competencies at the city level.

    WP5, Living labs, aims to:

    • Deliver a structured environment to unlock cities innovation potential;
    • Accelerate innovation processes incorporating the design, pilot, validation, and deployment of cutting-edge food-related technology;
    • Implement pilots on products, services, and mechanisms at the city level and eventually generate sustainable business models; and
    • Identify and activate funding schemes to support the structured and sustainable development of the innovations above.

    In conjunction with the others (not listed here), these work packages will work together to deliver sustainable food solutions that can be implemented worldwide.

    The future of Cities2030

    The Cities2030 project will ultimately secure sustainable food chains for urbanised areas, relieving pressure from the growing food demand by providing healthy food and reducing waste and carbon emissions.

    Food supply chains will be minimised as they will start and end where they need to be, in the heart of urban life. They will also provide products and legislation that will help protect the environment regarding wildlife and reduce the human impact.

    The labs and projects under the Cities2030 project’s umbrella already operate in several cities, including Bruges, Vicenza, Murska Sobota, and many more. The work undertaken thus far has shown promising results, and the future is bright for urban food production, giving hope and determination to secure the future.

    This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101000640

    Nicola Camatti, PhD, is a researcher at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and coordinator of the Cities2030 project as Lead Partner.

    His research focuses primarily on business ecosystems, sustainable tourism planning, food systems and regional development. His recent studies focus on the development of decision support systems and big data analysis to manage and promote tourist destinations and the food business ecosystem, as well as to implement territorial marketing strategies.

    Please note, this article will also appear in the 18th edition of our quarterly publication.

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